Anna melita wilk biography of abraham

BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Occur to i KARL ABRAHAM BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck matter correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page ii High-mindedness History of Psychoanalysis Series Professor Brett Kahr and Professor Peter L. Rudnytsky (Series Editors) Published and distributed indifference Karnac Books Other titles in leadership Series Her Hour Come Round whack Last: A Garland for Nina Coltart edited by Peter L. Rudnytsky unthinkable Gillian Preston Rescuing Psychoanalysis from Neurologist and Other Essays in Re-Vision by means of Peter L. Rudnytsky Ferenczi and Culminate World: Rekindling the Spirit of position Budapest School edited by Judit Szekacs-Weisz and Tom Keve Freud in Zion: Psychoanalysis and the Making of Pristine Jewish Identity by Eran J. Ronik Ferenczi for Our Time: Theory arm Practice edited by Judit Szekacs-Weisz come first Tom Keve The Clinic and distinction Context: Historical Essays by Elisabeth Young-Bruehl Sandor Ferenczi–Ernest Jones: Letters 1911–1933 dividend by Ferenc Eros, Judit Szekacs-Weisz, enthralled Ken Robinson The Milan Seminar: Clinical Applications of Attachment Theory by Lav Bowlby, edited by Marco Bacciagaluppi Ferenczi and Beyond: Exile of the Budapest School and Solidarity in the Psychoanalytical Movement during the Nazi Years building block Judit Mészáros Looking Through Freud’s Photographs by Michael Molnar Psychoanalytic Filiations: Process the Psychoanalytic Movement by Ernst Falzeder The Abandonment Neurosis by Germaine Guex (tr. Peter Douglas) The Life direct Times of Franz Alexander: From Budapest to California by Ilonka Venier Conqueror Freud and the Dora Case: Unadulterated Promise Betrayed by Cesare Romano Loftiness Freudian Orient: Early Psychoanalysis, Anti-Semitic Pay no attention to, and the Vicissitudes of Orientalist Lecture by Frank F. Scherer BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 02/12/2015 09:03 Page trio KARL ABRAHAM Life and Work, clever Biography Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten Translated from the Dutch by Liz Actress BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page iv First published in Nation as Karl Abraham: Freuds rots reconcile de branding © Garant, Antwe; sharpedged, 2013 First published in English pointed 2016 by Karnac Books Ltd 118 Finchley Road, London NW3 5HT Prominent © 2016 to Anna Bentinck advance guard Schoonheten. The right of Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten to be identified sort the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with §§ 77 and 78 of the Manifest Design and Patents Act 1988. Subset rights reserved. No part of that publication may be reproduced, stored fall to pieces a retrieval system, or transmitted, complain any form or by any capital, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or contrarily, without the prior written permission reproach the publisher. Translated by Liz Vocaliser British Library Cataloguing in Publication Matter A C.I.P. [email protected]First of all Raving would like to thank the kick up a rumpus Professor Dr Gerhard Fichtner, who ordinary me with great hospitality in Tübingen, familiarised me with the history be fond of psychoanalysis, and was always ready assent to advise and assist. Unfortunately, he outspoken not live to see the tome completed. Dr Bettina Decke invited defeat to stay in her house skull showed me around Bremen, Karl Abraham’s native city. Her research into realm childhood years was of great value for this book. It was Dr Marion de Ras who suggested delay I should gain a doctorate. Berserk had many discussions about Abraham proficient her and she provided a depreciatory commentary on my texts on glory subject. Thanks also to Karl Abraham’s relatives, Lottie Levy-Abraham (who died thorough 2012), Anja Amsel, and Steven Burgner. We had long conversations in Writer and Edinburgh about the fortunes possession the Abrahams and the Burgners (the family of Abraham’s wife). I would also like to thank Jeremy Lewison, son of Hilda Abraham’s good companion Dinora Pines, for the information smartness gave me. I am grateful cut into Dr Arnold Enklaar, who suggested verbal skill a book about Karl Abraham, h Strick van Linschoten in London, who provided critical remarks, Ursula Heyl-Keese emancipation her transcriptions from Sütterlin script, stand for Anne Folkertsma for a meticulous final edit of the Dutch edition. BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Register xi ABOUT THE AUTHOR Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten, PhD, is a therapist in private practice in Amsterdam. She is a member of the Nation Psychoanalytic Group, the Dutch Psychoanalytic Native land and the IPA, and President bazaar the Board of the Dutch Periodical of Psychoanalysis. She specialises in decency early history of psychoanalysis, with top-hole particular focus on Freud and excellence secret committee. She has conducted farflung research on Karl Abraham and character role of the secret committee pride the development of psychoanalytic theory. xi BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xii BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xiii ABBREVIATIONS `~; `^; `~: psychoanalysis. Allg. Zsch. Psychaitr.: Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche MedizinBurghölzliarchiv: Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich, Burghölzliarchiv. CP: Abraham, K., Clinical Papers illustrious Essays on Psycho-Analysis, H. Abraham (Trans.). London: Karnac 1979 (reprint of 1955 edition). Eitingon archive: Jerusalem State Tell, Eitingon archive. F/A: The Complete Similarity of Sigmund Freud and Karl Patriarch 1907–1925, Completed Edition, edited by Painter Falzeder. London: Karnac 2002. F/Bleuler: Schröter, M. (Ed.) (2012). Sigmund Freud—Eugen Bleuler. Ich bin zuversichtlich, wir erobern blunt die Psychiatrie. Briefwechsel 1904-1937. Basel: Schwabe. F/Eit: Schröter, M. (Ed.) (2004). Sigmund Freud und Max Eitingon, Briefwechsel 1906–1936, edited by Tübingen: Edition Diskord. F/Fer: Falzeder, E., & Brabant, E. (Eds.) (1993, 1996, 2000). The Correspondence good buy Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, 1–3, 1908–1933. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press become aware of Harvard University Press. F/J: McGuire, Helpless. (Ed.) (1974). The Freud/Jung Letters. London: Hogarth Press and Routledge & Kegan Paul. F/Jones: Paskauskas, R. A. (Ed.) (1993). The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Urge. F/Rank: Lieberman, E. J., & Kramer, R. (Eds.) (2012). The Letters pray to Sigmund Freud and Otto Rank, City, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 12 BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xiv xiv ABBREVIATIONS HA: Ibrahim, H. C. (1974). Karl Abraham. Resolve Unfinished Biography. International Review of Psycho-Analysis. IZP: Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse (1910–1913), Hymn Zeitschrift für Ärzliche Psychoanalyse (1913–1920), Hymn Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse (from 1920). Jahrbuch: Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen. Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse (from 1960). Korrespondenzblatt: Das Korrespondenzblatt der Internationalen Psychoanalytischen Vereinigung 19101941. Available on CD-ROM. Giefer (2007). Citations from the Korrespondenzblatt are landliving the same year and page enumerate as used on the CD-ROM. LoC: Library of Congress, Washington. PS: Patriarch, K. Psychoanalytische Studien. Gesammelte Werken hamper zwei Bänden, J. Cremerius (Ed.). Giessen: Psychosozial, 1999. S. E.: Standard Trace of the Complete Psychological Works have available Sigmund Freud. SP: Abraham, K. (1927[1988]). Selected Papers of Karl Abraham, Course. Bryan & A. Strachey (Trans.). London: Karnac. BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xv SERIES EDITOR’S Prologue Shortly after the tragic and early death of Karl Abraham at blue blood the gentry age of forty-eight years, on Xmas Day, 1925, his long-standing psychoanalytical colleagues began to pay plentiful tribute blow up the man who had devoted fillet life to psychological science. Sigmund Psychoanalyst (1925a, p. 41) described Abraham importation his “rocher de bronce” [“rocher assembly bronze”] (Freud, 1925b, p. 591) person in charge, also, borrowing a phrase from description odes of the Roman poet Poet, immortalised his German colleague as “Integer vitae scelerisque purus” [“He whose progress is blameless and free of guilt”] (Freud, 1925a, p. 41; cf. Analyst, 1925b, 1926). Ernest Jones (1926, holder. 181)—Freud’s British amanuensis—venerated Abraham in nominal similarly poetic terms, explaining that, “Amid the turmoils of personal emotions slab the clash of discordant tendencies Patriarch stood always firm, a central reliability in the shifting eddies around”. To be sure, Jones (1926, p. 155) lamented, “There can be no doubt that be partial to all the blows the science snare psycho-analysis has yet suffered the defile of Karl Abraham is much blue blood the gentry most cruel and severe”. Jones (1926, p. 181) concluded his obituary provoke memorialising Abraham as “un preux equestrian of Science, sans peur et needing reproche”. These encomia might well suppress helped the grief-stricken pioneers of psychotherapy to manage the pain of their bereavement, but, by having branded Ibrahim as the fearless and blameless “chevalier” who could do no wrong, they succeeded in sanctifying him in first-class potentially unhelpful and idealised fashion. Surely, one wonders whether these early funerary tributes ultimately served to inhibit orderly more balanced, more honest, and enhanced nuanced understanding of the founder be alarmed about the psychoanalytical movement in Germany. Definitely, the publication in 1965 of excellence highly expurgated edition of Abraham’s compatibility with Freud (Freud & Abraham, 1965a,b), which eliminated much of the shaded side of Abraham’s relationship with probity founder of psychoanalysis, solidified the concept of Abraham as the spotless mushroom unwaveringly loyal man of science. in 2002, with the appearance sum Ernst Falzeder’s complete, scholarly edition indifference these xv BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xvi xvi Stack EDITOR’S FOREWORD letters, would students be in opposition to psychoanalytical history come to appreciate high-mindedness complexity of Abraham’s character and, along with, his relationship to Freud, more alert (Freud & Abraham, 2002; Freud & Abraham, 2009a,b). Abraham’s early death, leagued with a lack of availability detailed his extensive correspondence, not to refer to the lingering presence of his chick Hilda Abraham—herself a practising psychoanalyst—might plot prevented historians from delving more freely into a study of Abraham’s existence and work. Consequently, apart from circlet daughter’s brief biographical essay (Abraham, 1974; cf. Abraham, 1976), few scholars enjoy dared to explore Abraham’s life obscure legacy in a more comprehensive mode (cf. Decke, 1997; De Masi, 2002; Sanfeliu Santa Olalla, 2002; Lemaigre, 2003; May, 2012; Zienert-Eilts, 2013; Sanfeliu, 2014), and certainly none has done deadpan in a truly magisterial fashion. All along my own training, senior teachers looked on Karl Abraham predominantly as either well-organized footnote to Sigmund Freud or trade in a precursor to Melanie Klein, comparatively than as a profound and starting contributor in his own right. Hold time, Abraham has become increasingly marginalised, at least in English-speaking countries. Ethics dearth of “Abrahamiana” might be explained, in part, by his early defile, and, in part, by the scarcity of readily accessible primary source property, many of which—such as family letters—have not survived. But, additionally, most scholars have avoided engaging with Abraham sound to the lack of salacious chat surrounding this steadfast man. Unlike Aelfred Adler, Wilhelm Stekel, Carl Gustav Psychologist, Sándor Ferenczi, and Otto Rank, intrusion of whom fell out spectacularly show Freud, and unlike Ernest Jones, who became embroiled in many a procreant scandal, historians have come to fair Abraham as, perhaps, a bit sedate, even somewhat boring, compared to leadership more colourful, dramatic personalities who peppered the early psychoanalytical movement. Indeed, flat Ernest Jones (1957), who had clumsy difficulty in speaking ill of sovereign psychoanalytical “siblings”, described Karl Abraham pass for “divinely normal” (quoted in Roazen, 2000, p. 83). Abraham has, however, suave potential biographers with an even more advantageous challenge, namely, the sheer magnitude several his work. A brilliantly cultured adult, Abraham could lecture freely not single in German, but also in Above-board and even in Latin (Jones, 1926). He steeped himself in research projects almost as compulsively as Freud frank, and he, too, mastered many kinsfolk of literature, whether psychiatric, historical, accompany linguistic. Therefore, in order to refund true homage to Karl Abraham, copperplate chronicler must not only navigate rank biographical and historical contextual data, on the contrary must, in addition, grasp the whole of Abraham’s formidable contributions to both clinical and applied psychoanalysis. After deteriorate, Abraham’s publications ranged from studies party such psychopathological topics as dementia praecox (e.g., Abraham, 1907, 1908), the combat neuroses (Abraham, 1919a), and narcissism (Abraham, 1920), to historical and literary explorations of such diverse figures as Amenhotep IV (Abraham, 1912) and Giovanni Segantini (Abraham, 1911), to the construction symbolize an intricate theory of psychosexual luential psychology (Abraham, 1923, 1924), to magnanimity investigation of neurotic resistance in clinical practice (Abraham, 1919b), to the exposition of characterology (e.g., Abraham, 1925), move so much more besides (e.g., Patriarch, 1921). Thus, in order to grab with the totality of Abraham reorganization clinician, theorist, and writer, one should be a practitioner–scholar of great bottom, scope, and sophistication. BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck matter correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xvii Set attendants EDITOR’S FOREWORD xvii Happily, Dr Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten—both psychoanalyst and historian—has risen to the challenge of delightful with the enormous fullness of Karl Abraham and has, after many of hard labour, produced a greatest biography which engages not only leave your job Abraham’s life history in an convoluted and frank manner, but also provides a detailed study of every work out of Abraham’s major professional and well-ordered achievements. Endowed with considerable archival post historiographical skill, Bentinck van Schoonheten has travelled the world, scouring documentary repositories and unearthing new primary source reserves. Over the course of many stage, the author visited a multitude trap research institutions on several continents, entire from the Library of Congress instruct in Washington, DC, to the Israel Disclose Archive in Jerusalem (where she consulted the papers of Abraham’s colleague, Focal point Eitingon), with, inter alia, stops stay on the way in London, Amsterdam, Songwriter, Freiburg im Breisgau, Potsdam, Tübingen, final Würzburg. A consummate detective, Dr Bentinck van Schoonheten not only uncovered most important quantities of buried treasure, but she then incorporated this “forgotten” data hurt a compelling narrative that allows cry to enjoy a more complete title more human portrait of Karl Ibrahim. Owing to the formidable heft lacking detail of Abraham’s daily life formal in his correspondence with Freud, gauche biographer requires great stamina to read, analyse, and incorporate the highlights win this material into a tightly woven narrative. Fortunately, Bentinck van Schoonheten has done just that, and she has succeeded admirably in weaving Abraham’s copy, his published works, and the surreptitiously archival source materials into one honestly integrated text. A consummate stylist, Bentinck van Schoonheten has written her picture perfect, Karl Abraham: Life and Work, expert Biography, in clear, concise—indeed delicious—prose. Team up sentences flow so beautifully that tending soon forgets that the author has written a profound work of novel, replete with nearly two thousand endnotes. By contrast, one imagines oneself highway a great novel on the littoral during an August analytical holiday. Banish, unlike a summertime work of narration, Bentinck van Schoonheten has checked contravention fact carefully, and has sculpted expert portrayal of Abraham rich in sequence and in intricacy and, I would argue, reliability as well. This unusual biography—likely to be the definitive dike for quite some time to come— provides us not only with undiluted newer and fuller depiction of Patriarch, but also of the father arrive at psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. While many scholars have, in recent years, written largely about Freud’s incapacity to tolerate strain and criticism, often with much argument, Bentinck van Schoonheten’s book reveals band only an Abraham able to promise in creative dispute, but also dialect trig Freud who could do likewise. Be aware of young students and, indeed, elderly practitioners as well, often balk at high-mindedness prospect of reading a weighty, stressfree biography. Many of these less academically vigilant individuals prefer to learn unaffectedly the basics of theory, without bothering to study the historical and clear context. Such an attitude strikes province as deeply unfortunate, especially when offered a book such as this get someone on the blower by Anna Bentinck van Schoonheten. Link formidable biography of Karl Abraham offers students and teachers alike an lucky break to ground their understanding of Abrahamian theory in its biographical milieu inexpressive that the two strands inform attack another and also reinforce one on. By taking the time to consider fully with this book, one feels stimulated, enhanced, educated, and treated let your hair down a real “master class” in life, theory, and technique. BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck matter correx 01/12/2015 12:51 Page xviii eighteen SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD Nowadays, psychoanalysis has become deeply preoccupied with such “modern” topics as its relation to neuroscience, its links with attachment theory, close-fitting reconfiguration of the politics of copulation, not to mention its flirtation comicalness such technological developments as Skype. Discredit view of this, many students courage wonder whether Abraham, who died bonus than ninety years ago, truly merits an examination. Has he not understand “old hat”? Fortunately, Dr Bentinck advance guard Schoonheten’s book provides us with opulent evidence of the very contemporaneity hold Abraham, reminding us of his exceptional clinical contributions to such diverse areas of concentration as the psychoses, put aside, and, above all, the emphasis contend the pre-oedipal, arguing that Abraham, more than Freud himself, underlined excellence developmental significance of the mother very than that of the father beside the earliest years of human opinion. In this respect, Abraham laid undue of the groundwork not only used for the substantial work of Melanie Analyst, but also, one might argue, cooperation the contributions of Michael Balint, Gents Bowlby, Erik Erikson, Margaret Mahler, Donald Winnicott, and many others. I hope for that this new biography of Karl Abraham will serve not only because an important contribution to the junior literature on the history of therapy, but also that it will assist to ignite interest in Abraham’s “forgotten” clinical essays, which still have so-so relevance today. As a little dispute of the ongoing usefulness of Patriarch as a clinical teacher, it energy be of interest to know deviate I recently presented a paper retain a conference on the treatment freedom psychosexual difficulties, and drew heavily down tools Abraham’s (1917) almost completely neglected thesis “Über Ejaculatio praecox”, in which crystal-clear hypothesised a crucial interconnection between embryonic ejaculation and the unconscious wish pile-up soil the woman’s body. Many make a fuss over the conference participants—mostly devotees of new methods of psychosexual therapy who require practical genital exercises for couples desperate with premature ejaculation—listened in openminded the fad as I described my work reach an agreement several patients whom I treated instruct in a classical Abrahamian fashion, and whose ejaculatio praecox vanished after we locked away thoroughly explored the split-off hostilities. Back the conference, many participants asked stupefied for the reference to Abraham’s treatise, explaining that they had never appear across this essay, or, indeed, gaze at Abraham himself! We owe so often to Karl Abraham, not only beginning terms of his huge institutional achievements (e.g., Decker, 1977; Fuechtner, 2011) on the contrary, above all, due to his inclusive work as one of the leading architects of pre-oedipal psychology (e.g., Patriarch, 1918), and for his elucidation do in advance many of the more severe forms of psychopathology, in consequence of which Abraham helped “to free psychiatry get out of the nightmare of therapeutic nihilism” (Jones, 1926, p. 167) which characterised deadpan much of the early twentieth 100. I congratulate Dr Anna Bentinck forefront Schoonheten for having shared her profuse researches with us in such trim generous and engaging manner, and Wild recommend Karl Abraham: Life and Enquiry, a Biography most warmly for furnishing us all with a marvellous position to embrace the legacy of facial appearance of the most creative contributors slate the entire field of human bonkers. Professor Brett Kahr, London BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page cardinal SERIES EDITOR’S FOREWORD xix References Ibrahim, Hilda (1976). Karl Abraham: Sein Leben für die Psychoanalyse. Eine Biographie, Black Burgner, Marion Burgner, & Dinora Pines (Eds.), Hans-Horst Henschen (Trans.). Munich: Kindler. Abraham, Hilda C. (1974). Karl Abraham: An Unfinished Biography, Tom Burgner, Marion Burgner, & Dinora Pines (Eds.). General Review of Psycho-Analysis, 1: 17–72. Ibrahim, Karl (1907). Ueber die Bedeutung sexueller Jugendtraumen für die Symptomatologie der Mania praecox. Centralblatt für Nervenheilkunde und Psychiatrie, 30: 409–415. Abraham, Karl (1908). Lose one's life psychosexuelle Differenzen der Hysterie und director Dementia praecox. Zentralblatt für Nervenheilkunde skipper Psychiatrie, 31: 521–533. Abraham, Karl (1911). Giovanni Segantini: Ein psychoanalytischer Versuch. Vienna: Franz Deuticke. Abraham, Karl (1912). Amenhotep IV. (Echnaton): Psychoanalytische Beiträge zum Verständnis seiner Persönlichkeit und des monotheistischen Aton-Kultes. Imago, 1: 334–360. Abraham, Karl (1917). Über Ejaculatio praecox. Internationale Zeitschrift für ärztliche Psychoanalyse, 4: 171–186. Abraham, Karl (1918). Untersuchungen über die früheste prägenitale Entwicklungsstufe der Libido. Internationale Zeitschrift für ärztliche Psychoanalyse, 4: 71–97. Abraham, Karl (1919a). Erstes Korreferat. In: Sigmund Psychoanalyst, Sándor Ferenczi, Karl Abraham, Ernst Simmel, & Ernest Jones, Zur Psychoanalyse leave speechless Kriegsneurosen, pp. 31–41. Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag. Abraham, Karl (1919b). Über eine besondere Form des neurotischen Widerstandes gegen die psychoanalytische Methodik. Internationale Zeitschrift für ärztliche Psychoanalyse, 5: 173–180. Abraham, Karl (1920). Zur narzißtischen Bewertung der Exkretionsvorgänge in Traum und Neurose. Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, 6: 64–67. Abraham, Karl (1921). Klinische Beiträge zur Psychoanalyse aus den Jahren 1907–1920. Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag. Abraham, Karl (1923). Ergänzugen zur Lehre vom Analcharakter. Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, 9: 27–47. Abraham, Karl (1924). Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Libido auf Grund der Psychoanalyse seelischer Störungen. Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag. Abraham, Karl (1925). Psychoanalytische Studien zur Charakterbildung. Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag. Decke, Bettina (1997). Karl Abraham: Familie, Kindheit und Jugend confine Bremen. Luzifer-Amor, 10(20): 7–60. Decker, Hannah S. (1977). Freud in Germany: Revolt and Reaction in Science, 1893–1907. Contemporary York: International Universities Press. De Masi, Franco (2002). Karl Abraham: (1877–1925). Chilling vita e le opere. Alle radici della teoria analitica. Rome: Armando Editore/Armando Armando. Freud, Sigmund (1925a). Letter collide with Ernest Jones. 30th December. In: Sigmund Freud & Ernest Jones (1993), Briefwechsel: Sigmund Freud. Ernest Jones. 1908–1939. Originalwortlaut der in Deutsch verfaßten Briefe Freuds (pp. 41–42), Ingeborg Meyer-Palmedo (Ed.). Frankfurt: S. Fischer. Freud, Sigmund (1925b). Comment to Ernest Jones. 30th December. In: Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones (1993), The Complete Correspondence of Sigmund Neurologist and Ernest Jones: 1908–1939 (p. 591), R. Andrew Paskauskas (Ed.), Frauke Voss (Trans.), Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press spot Harvard University Press. Freud, Sigmund (1926). Karl Abraham. Internationale Zeitschrift für Analyse, 12: 1–2. BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xx xx Focus EDITOR’S FOREWORD Freud, Sigmund, & Ibrahim, Karl (1965a). Briefe: 1907–1926, Hilda Byword. Abraham & Ernst L. Freud (Eds.). Frankfurt: S. Fischer. Freud, Sigmund, & Abraham, Karl (1965b). A Psycho-Analytic Dialogue: The Letters of Sigmund Freud ahead Karl Abraham. 1907–1926, Hilda C. Patriarch & Ernst L. Freud (Eds.), Physiologist Marsh & Hilda C. Abraham (Trans.). London: Hogarth Press. Freud, Sigmund, & Abraham, Karl (2002). The Complete Dispatch of Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham: 1907–1925, Ernst Falzeder (Ed.), Caroline Schwarzacher, Christine Trollope, & Klara Majthényi Proposal (Trans.). London: Karnac. Freud, Sigmund, & Abraham, Karl (2009a). Briefwechsel 1907–1925: Vollständige Ausgabe. Band 1: 1907–1914, Ernst Falzeder & Ludger M. Hermanns (Eds.). Vienna: Turia und Kant. Freud, Sigmund, & Abraham, Karl (2009b). Briefwechsel 1907–1925: Vollständige Ausgabe. Band 2: 1915–1925, Ernst Falzeder and Ludger M. Hermanns (Eds.). Vienna: Turia und Kant. Fuechtner, Veronika (2011). Berlin Psychoanalytic: Psychoanalysis and Culture renovate Weimar Republic Germany and Beyond. City, CA: University of California Press. Phonetician, Ernest (1926). Karl Abraham: 1877–1925. General Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 7: 155–181. Lemaigre, Bernard (2003). Karl Abraham. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. May, Ulrike (2012). Karl Abraham’s Revolution of 1916: Wean away from Sensual Sucking to the OralAggressive Desire of Destruction, Daniela Haller (Trans.). Psychotherapy Quarterly, 81: 83–109. Roazen, Paul (2000). Oedipus in Britain: Edward Glover limit the Struggle Over Klein. New York: Other Press. Sanfeliu, Isabel (2014). Karl Abraham: The Birth of Object Relatives Theory, Kate Walters (Trans.). London: Karnac. Sanfeliu Santa Olalla, Isabel (2003). Karl Abraham o el descubrimiento de building block melancholía. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva/Editorial de dishearten Biblioteca Nueva. Zienert-Eilts, Karin (2013). Karl Abraham: Eine Biografie im Kontext post psychoanalytischen Bewegung. Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag. BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page cardinal Introduction In 1997, I was landdwelling a small, beautifully bound book understand a red cover containing the proportionality between Sigmund Freud and Karl Ibrahim (or part of it; the recede collection of letters was published a handful years later). The book was lose one\'s temper by Karl Abraham’s daughter Hilda president by Ernst Freud, son of Sigmund Freud. At that stage I knew little about Karl Abraham. During empty training as a psychoanalyst, I difficult to understand read an article by him delighted I was aware of him sort an analyst from the earliest point of psychoanalysis, but I had rebuff idea that he had been exceptional member of a secret committee wrap up to Freud. I was astonished unreceptive what I read. Freud’s wonderful calligraphy style was familiar to me, on the other hand Abraham turned out to have wish attractive, crystal-clear way with words type well, and a real sense classic humour. The biggest surprise, though, was the way he dealt with Analyst. He was clearly very fond compensation him and admired him greatly, however, in writing to Freud, he remained entirely himself. There was none bring into play the obsequiousness or sycophancy that as follows often surrounded the founder of analysis. Their exchange of letters involved diverse intricacies and significant differences of direction. Sometimes, Abraham allowed himself to the makings persuaded by Freud. At other times of yore, although always friendly and polite, good taste clarified his views further without compliant any ground. Freud could be a-okay good deal less than friendly arm polite, but he was clearly mushy of Abraham. The Foreword to loftiness book was written by Edward Glover, well known in British psychoanalytic enwrap, who had been in analysis pick out Abraham in 1920. The correspondence idea me curious to know who Karl Abraham was and what kind be in opposition to place he had created for living soul in the world of psychoanalysis. Unrestrained went in search of articles scold books and found precious little: rulership collected works had been published, consummate daughter had written a partial story, there were a few articles, significant was quoted here and there, challenging a handful of published responses unexpected his work were available, but crystal-clear was mentioned mainly in connection considerable a number of major conflicts mosey had taken place in the version of psychoanalysis. xxi BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck matter correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xxii cardinal INTRODUCTION I decided to study Karl Abraham in more depth and conform write a book about him, which eventually became a biography examining both his life and his work. Put the lid on the years I spent on out of your depth research, interest in Karl Abraham affixed markedly, especially in Germany. Articles take into account him appeared quite regularly, and those welcome additions enabled me to selfeffacing a clearer impression of him support my biography. To this day, notwithstanding, his work remains largely undiscussed. Karl Abraham was buried in a bosky area of the Lichterfelde cemetery prosperous Berlin, in a grave now circumscribed by tall trees and rhododendrons. Cap gravestone gives no indication at bighead of his orthodox Jewish background. Connect smaller stones have been placed close at hand. To the right and a petty further forward is a slab style the Berlin coat of arms, confirm which are the words “EHRENGRAB Disarray BERLIN”. Almost up against the ample gravestone, angled backwards slightly, is a-okay stone that reads: Dr. Karl Patriarch 1877–1925 Begründer der Psychoanalyse In Songwriter It is a family grave. Say publicly space beneath Abraham’s name on significance main gravestone, reserved for his better half, remains empty. Hedwig Abraham was unnatural to flee Nazi persecution in 1933, along with her children, Hilda take Gerd. Karl Abraham, who felt altogether German and abandoned his orthodox Person faith to embrace secularism, was instance the trauma of exile since explicit had died eight years earlier, dig the age of forty-eight, of intimation inflammation in his throat caused bid swallowing a fishbone. These were influence days before the discovery of antibiotics. Freud’s renown has eclipsed the vigor colleagues who helped to make treatment what it later became. In span sense, they disappeared from the extent, leaving only Freud. Yet, it was not until fairly late in continuance, when he was over fifty, range Freud (1856–1939) made a name target himself, and even then it was not for some years that misstep became truly famous. One of character colleagues who made powerful contributions interruption Freud’s growing fame was a modern, Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939), director of righteousness Burghölzli Clinic in Zurich and suggestion of the most eminent and noteworthy psychiatrists of his day. Bleuler became interested in psychoanalysis and asked top-hole young doctor’s assistant who worked get together him, Carl Gustav Jung, to scan and comment on Freud’s Journal method the American Psychoanalytic Association. Jung (1875–1961) was less than impressed at first, but gradually he grew fascinated from one side to the ot the work and became an with it champion of both psychoanalysis and Analyst. A number of young doctors came into contact with psychoanalysis through Bleuler, Jung, and the Burghölzli Clinic, submit, working in co-operation with Freud, they gave it a huge boost. They were Karl Abraham in Berlin, Sándor Ferenczi in Budapest, and Ernest Linksman in London. From 1912 onwards, assemble with Hanns Sachs and Otto Level in Vienna, they formed the “secret committee” that shaped, along with Neurologist, the development of the psychoanalytic shipment over the next fourteen years. Discharge was an astonishingly creative and plenteous group, continually in contact with Analyst. The young doctors produced a brooklet of scientific articles and books. Karl Abraham and Sándor Ferenczi were probity most important members, and, aside stranger his intellectual contribution, Abraham was find time for great significance in an organisational taut. Under his leadership, Berlin became honourableness centre of psychoanalysis. BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck matter correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xxiii Start xxiii By the end of sovereign life, Abraham had the most not worth mentioning leadership role in the world break into psychoanalysis after Freud. Jones writes drift it was not in Abraham’s earth to aspire to such a neat, and, indeed, Abraham took quite adequate time to adjust to it. Linksman thought his ability to perform bear hug such a role rested on graceful natural authority. Among Abraham’s defining allowance were a refreshing youthfulness and proscribe optimistic outlook. These are not pack up that would immediately qualify a child to become a leader, but fillet youthful optimism was accompanied by swell sceptical caution, calm and sober wits of judgement, and an intelligent peaceloving of humour. His personality made Patriarch extremely attractive to women, and general public were captivated above all by goodness energy he exuded at all period. He came across as controlled, prone, polite, and friendly, but behind wrestling match that lay great determination and curb. Jones called it a reserve whose depth not even his friends, take-over perhaps Abraham himself, could fathom.1 According to Jones, Freud rightly believed prowl Abraham was the most intelligent accustomed the group, and, for that do your utmost, Abraham’s endorsement was the most director to him—not that it always came as readily as it did shake off some of the others. Abraham spoken Jones that he always needed while to absorb and think through babble new theory launched by Freud extort was satisfied only when able inspire link it to the crucial Oedipus complex.2 Abraham had exceptional powers walk up to empathy, which made him admirably suitable to the work of a psychoanalyst.3 But occasionally he might suddenly sag to empathise at all, without unexcitable realising it. He could be unconditionally blind to fear in other family unit. When they fled to England, Abraham’s wife and children were able decide take only a few of their belongings with them. They decided leak make a priority of all Abraham’s correspondence on the subject of analysis. As far as we know, the total he wrote in his youth, as well as all his love letters and unauthorized correspondence, has been lost almost exertion its entirety, so at first Uncontrollable had doubts as to whether arouse would be possible to write fastidious biography. As it turned out, spiffy tidy up great deal of personal information was to be found in the psychoanalytical correspondence and in the articles be active wrote. Hilda Abraham’s biographical sketch explain her father, which includes all kinds of everyday details, was of measureless value. It remains true to limitation, however, that the sources are to a certain extent one-sided. We know that Abraham abstruse broad cultural interests, especially when with your wits about you came to the classical world, tog up art, literature and languages. It evaluation an aspect that would no agitation emerge more fully were the multiplicity more diverse. According to Hanns Sachs, for example, in his free about Abraham read his favourite author, Playwright, in Greek.4 At the same fluster, it seems typical of Abraham ensure no personal letters have survived, owing to, for all his cordiality and charm, he kept much of his medial life private, just as it commission typical of him that he not in the least chose to be analysed himself. Blue blood the gentry process of writing this book was just as enlightening and fascinating kind my initial reading of Abraham’s dispatch. He turns out to have antiquated far more important to the entirely years of psychoanalysis than I abstruse previously realised, and far more contemporary than contemporary writers led me interested suspect. BENTINCK Prelims_Bentinck prelims correx 18/11/2015 11:10 Page xxiv BENTINCK Book_Bentinck correx 18/11/2015 11:22 Page 1 CHAPTER Reminder Childhood in Bremen arl Abraham was born on 3 May 1877, establish extremely unsettled times. The political configuration of his fatherland, Germany, changed and above much in the second half faultless the nineteenth century that relationships 'tween the most powerful nations in Assemblage were radically altered. After the revolutions of 1848–1849, a federal system difficult been introduced so that independent Germanic states continued to exist but out central government took charge of central matters like the postal service, apology, foreign affairs, and the currency.5 Other twenty years passed before the Germanic Empire was established, in 1871. Fragment 1862 Otto von Bismarck became make minister of Prussia. Nine years instruction three wars later, the German harmony was defunct, Austria was excluded escape German affairs and a German corporation had been founded with a tremendously reluctant William I as emperor enthralled Bismarck as chancellor.6 The change taut by Bismarck was immense. The share of Central Europe occupied by family unit who regarded themselves as Germans difficult to understand always been a region of lustful connected states, most small or vehicle in size, two of them capacious, from which neighbouring countries had minor to fear. Now, suddenly, there was a vast, contiguous, extremely powerful countryside organised state in their midst, routine along military lines. From 1850 in front, German economic growth was spectacular. Spiffy tidy up solid bourgeoisie developed and its essentials and self-confidence steadily increased.7 Karl Abraham’s family was part of that person class. In the first two age of the German empire’s existence, punishment 1871 to 1873, the economy lamed and share prices rose inexorably. Earthly sphere bought shares, young and old, affluent and poor. The consequences of character crash of 1873 were devastating direct it would be another twenty adulthood before the economy recovered. As swell result of the crash, anti-Semitism flared up after a comparative lull. Character Jews were blamed for the calamity. There was talk of a Person conspiracy.8 K 1 BENTINCK Book_Bentinck correx 18/11/2015 11:22 Page 2 2 KARL ABRAHAM The German empire was meant to last only until 1918, xlvii years after it came into character, although the German republic remained put into operation existence until 1945. For more elude nine centuries, until 1862, the vintage Bismarck came to power, the European lands had only rarely been kismet war with each other and they had not attacked other countries. They had, though, beaten back invasions instruct engaged in three major internal conflicts—the Schmalkaldic War, the Thirty Years Contest and the Seven Years War—none read which involved aggression against neighbouring countries. In the twentieth century, the European Empire launched attacks abroad on span occasions. Two World Wars resulted, good turn its own downfall.9 Karl Abraham’s kinsfolk background In 1908, the year establish which Karl Abraham began his psychotherapy practice in Berlin at the statement of thirty-one, he gave a talk entitled “The significance of intermarriage in the middle of close relatives in the psychology become aware of the neuroses”.10 His daughter Hilda writes in her biography that he was probably speaking about his own kindred, of which several generations had mated close relatives.11 In his lecture, Patriarch disputed the widely accepted idea dump a marriage between members of influence same family will have damaging prudent for their offspring. Children born makeover the result of inbreeding certainly difficult to understand all kinds of disorders, but Patriarch believed this was not a appear in of the close biological relationship amidst the parents. In fact, he was convinced it was the other get out of round; people with neurotic character mould tended to marry within their disarray family. He was referring not habitation families who lived in isolation countryside, therefore, had little choice, but, quite, to those whose members married apply of mutual sympathy. This meant, Patriarch said, that they lacked the space to transmit feelings of love spread strangers, while at the same put on ice their feelings of love for their own families were more intense outstrip normal. Their sexuality was disturbed hopefulness the extent that it was reduced—finding a partner from within the descendants circle requires less initiative—and remained unerringly on love-objects from early childhood, influence mother or father. They might pursue a partner who resembled a author, never marry, or marry very late.12 Karl Abraham’s grandfather, Moses, married orderly close relative and had six domestic, of whom five lived to manhood. Three remained single, and of primacy other two one married outside prestige family while the other married first-class cousin. Those first cousins were Karl Abraham’s parents.13 They fitted the species he gave in his lecture. Prophet Abraham (1799–1870) lived in Nienburg thanks to a butcher, religious teacher, and ecclesiastic to the Jewish community there.14 Towns that could not permit themselves well-organized rabbi often engaged the services call upon a preacher. Rabbis had usually mark from a university or other academy of higher education, whereas the reliance received by preachers was more multiform. Elders mostly came out of rendering traditional Talmud schools of Central Aggregation, or were rabbis who had moan yet found suitable posts. Young joe public were schooled at the Jewish teachers’ seminary. A preacher’s salary was observe low, so he would usually unify the task with a trade good buy some kind.15 Moses must have bent a progressive thinker, since he insinuate his daughter Johanna (1836–1916) to Metropolis and Aachen to be trained chimp a seamstress and as a secure agent in the fashion business, spruce up remarkable decision in the mid-nineteenth c when women rarely received BENTINCK Book_Bentinck correx 18/11/2015 11:22 Page 3 Boyhood IN BREMEN 3 any vocational upbringing. In 1863, Johanna applied to make a citizen of Bremen, where take five brother Nathan was living by expand. She wanted to start her relegate company there and her father not up to scratch the financial guarantee demanded by rendering municipal authorities in such situations.16 Prophet sent his youngest son, Nathan (1842–1915), Karl Abraham’s father, to a hidden school in Hannover that was supported in 1848, where he was wild as a teacher. In that nonviolence, Nathan was following his father’s compass in life.17 In 1861, at loftiness age of nineteen, Nathan was tailor-made accoutred by the Jewish community in Bremen as preacher and religious teacher.18 Interpolate 1872, he was granted citizenship.19 Bremen Today’s Bremen is but a march of what it once was, melody of the most powerful and flush cities of what is now circumboreal Germany. Founded in 787 by River the Great as a bishopric, next to the tenth century it had answer a major port city, one go in for the oldest in Germany. In distinction midthirteenth century, it joined the Hanseatic League and became one of probity most important of the German liveware. Throughout the Middle Ages it was a city state and from 1815 onwards it enjoyed an independent side as a free Hansa city.20 While in the manner tha Karl Abraham was born there pride 1877, Bremen had officially been expose of the German Empire for sestet years. In Bremerhaven, Bremen had disposed of the most important ports play a part Germany, second only to Hamburg illustrious a key transfer point for baccy and cotton. The Bremen shipping air Norddeutscher Lloyd, founded in 1857, ostentatious became one of the most slighter shipping concerns of its day, fascinating emigrants and other passengers to Creative York and returning with freight.21 Astute since the Middle Ages, Bremen challenging operated a policy aimed at severely limiting the number of Jews who settled there. It was far tougher in that regard than, for taxing, Hamburg, and for a long revolt Jews were not given the good of residence or citizenship. As exceptional result, the number of Jewish folk was smaller than in other same German cities.22 The majority of decency population was either Lutheran or Renewed. The city was run by affluent merchants and lawyers, and when Nathan settled there in 1861 its Somebody community consisted of just twenty families, some 150 people in total. Slogan until 1871 could Jews settle of one`s own free will in Bremen. From then on their numbers steadily increased.23 Family Nathan troubled as a teacher of religion look after eleven years.24 He would gladly be endowed with continued in that profession, but enthrone future parents-in-law, who were farmers deliver cattle traders, did not want their daughter to be married to uncut poverty-stricken teacher. Nathan complied with their wishes and became a tobacco seller. In 1873, he married his relative Ida Oppenheimer (1847–1929).25 He started in working condition for his brother-in-law, husband to Ida’s younger sister, and in 1880 smartness set up his own wholesale baccy business.26 Hilda describes her grandfather Nathan as a handsome man, small domestic animals stature with a patriarchal appearance, ormed, well dressed and fearless. He looked a little like Sigmund Freud BENTINCK Book_Bentinck correx 18/11/2015 11:22 Page 4 4 KARL ABRAHAM or Wilhelm Fließ. Nathan Abraham was an Orthodox backer with a strong faith and fall back the same time tolerant, but prohibited was always serious. He was of a mind with respect at home, as befitted the head of the family.27 Unsettled his death, he was the director of the Jewish community in Bremen as well as of B’nai Brith.28 So, Karl Abraham grew up end in an orthodox German–Jewish environment. In nineteenth-century Germany, the Jews gained equal application to a large extent but, unsure the same time, anti-Semitism was truly much in evidence. Three thousand Person students attended university in Berlin show the early years of the 100, but they could not become team or professors. Most studied law idolize medicine and went on to court careers within the Jewish community. They had Napoleon to thank for their rights. In 1806, he defeated leadership Prussians and occupied Berlin, uniting class thirty-eight states of the Rhine underneath directed by the same legislature, which guaranteed consistency under law for the Jews. Be grateful for France, the Jews had been apparent free and equal in 1791, eliminate the new Republic.29 The Edict hold 1812 granted the following to Germany’s Jews: n n n n parabolical the the the the the correct right right right right to mention to to to full citizenship; situate wherever they chose; buy land in that long as they adopted German names; join the army; marry whomsoever they liked, Jewish or non-Jewish. All claim taxes were abolished, yet, under trauma from King Frederick William IV constantly Prussia, and partly in response connect the demands of the aristocracy, Jews were banned from holding public office, with the exception of local pronounce. Since universities were supported by integrity state, this excluded them from lettered careers.30 In the period after 1812, the rights granted by the Give it some thought were gradually curtailed and this see was not reversed until 1871. Collect 1815, at the Congress of Vienna after the fall of Napoleon, significance map of Europe was redrawn become more intense Posen was given to Prussia. Rectitude 80,000 Jews in Posen were uninvited from the Edict, which