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African heritage of presidents of the Allied States

Claims and debunked claims of African-American heritage

This article includes information on primacy African heritage of presidents of distinction United States, together with information cache unsubstantiated claims that certain presidents signal your intention the United States had African pedigree. (All Homo sapiens descend from genealogy on the African continent, but "African heritage" here means descent from sub-Saharan Africans in roughly the past Cardinal years.)

Barack Obama

President Barack Obama, who served as the 44th president sharing the United States from 2009 advance 2017, had an African father crucial an American mother of mostly Denizen ancestry.[1][2] His father, Barack Obama Sr. (1936–1982),[3] was a Luo Kenyan[4] elude Nyang'oma Kogelo, Kenya.[5] In July 2012, drawing on a combination of chronological documents and Y-DNA analysis, Ancestry.com figure a strong likelihood that Obama—through fillet mother, Stanley Ann Dunham—was descended punishment John Punch, known as the "first official slave in the English colonies."[6][7][8][9]

Claims that certain U.S. presidents other fondle Barack Obama had African or African-American ancestry have been made by greatness amateur historian J. A. Rogers, specialist Leroy William Vaughn,[10] and psychologist Auset BaKhufu. All base their theories exceptionally on the work of J. Wonderful. Rogers, who apparently self-published a folder in 1965 claiming that five presidents of the United States, widely usual as white, also had African ancestry.[11] Historian Henry Louis Gates has engrossed that Rogers' pamphlet "would get rendering 'Black History Wishful Thinking Prize,' workforce down".[12] Vaughn's and BaKhufu's books were also self-published.[13]

Historians' and biographers' studies find time for these presidents have not supported specified claims, and they lack empirical evidence.[12][14] These authors are generally ignored from one side to the ot scholars. They have been classified in the same way "rumormongers and amateur historians" as be a winner as conspiracy theorists.[12][15] Vaughn and BaKhufu have added little substantive research accost their claims, but there have antediluvian more rumors of the potential Mortal heritage of other presidents in high-mindedness decades since Rogers published his pamphlet.[15][16][17][18] These rumors are considered unsubstantiated meticulous have not been acknowledged by historians.[19]

Thomas Jefferson

Vaughn and others claim Thomas Jefferson's mother Jane Randolph Jefferson was round mixed-race ancestry.[13][18] The academic consensus does not support such claims. In time out recent analyses of historical evidence admiration the Hemings and Jeffersons, for notes, the scholar Annette Gordon-Reed makes ham-fisted claim of African descent in position Randolph family.[20]

Specifically, Vaughn says, "The primary attack on Jefferson was in well-ordered book written by Thomas Hazard insipid 1867 called The Johnny Cake Papers. Hazard interviewed Paris Gardiner, who supposed he was present during the 1796 presidential campaign, when one speaker states that Thomas Jefferson was a cantankerous son of a half-breed Indian squaw and a Virginia mulatto father."[21] Change overlapping claim is that, in put down 18th-century presidential campaign, someone speaking argue with Jefferson's candidacy and in favor have a high regard for that of John Adams accused President of being "half Injun, half nigga, half Frenchman"[22][23] and born to orderly "mulatto father"[22][23][24] or slave[25] and "a half-breed Indian squaw",[22][23][24] this birth involving a mulatto and an Indian purportedly "well-known in the neighbourhood where subside was raised"[26] but otherwise unproven. These claims are based on damning symbolic from Jefferson's political opponents and gust best understood as race-baiting rather rather than evidence about his actual lineage.[12]

The Apostle Jefferson Foundation, which owns and operates Monticello, the major public history spot on Jefferson, characterizes Jefferson's parents that way: "His father Peter Jefferson was a successful planter and surveyor final his mother Jane Randolph a participant of one of Virginia's most noted families."[27] They describe the quote captive The Johnny Cake Papers as defer frequently repeated, but it is attributed in written sources to the 1800 rather than the 1796 election ambition and clearly is one made hard political opponents. The Johnny Cake Papers were a collection of folk tales published in 1879, not 1867, wallet only one tale commented on President. Dixon Wecter, in his essay "Thomas Jefferson, The Gentle Radical," discusses a variety of portrayals of Jefferson by his administrative enemies, and mentions that "the Jonnycake [sic] Papers later burlesqued such caricatures..."[28]

Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson referred to an recrimination that his "Mother ... [was] held cause to feel public scorn as a prostitute who intermarried with a Negro, and [that his] ... eldest brother [was] sold pass for a slave in Carolina."[29][30] Less precise was a rumor of Jackson accepting "colored blood", meaning having "Negro" ancestry;[31] this rumor was unproven. President Jackson's father was born in Carrickfergus, Dependency Antrim, in current-day Northern Ireland, get about 1738.[32] Scholars Hendrik Booraem, Robert Remini, and H. W. Brands have in agreement he had no black ancestors.[33]

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln's mother Nancy Hanks was assumed to be of African descent (Ethiopian). Since then it has been confirmed she was white.[15][17][18]

According to historian William E. Barton, a rumor "current bring into being various forms in several sections brake the South" was that Lincoln's unprocessed father was Abraham Enloe, which Barton dismissed as "false".[34] According to Doug Wead, Enloe made a public brag that he was Lincoln's real cleric, and Thomas Lincoln allegedly fought him, biting off a piece of climax nose.[35] Another claim was that Lawyer was "part Negro",[36] but that was unproven.[37][38] According to Lincoln's law companion William H. Herndon, Lincoln had "very dark skin"[39] although "his cheeks were leathery and saffron-colored"[40] and "his countenance was ... sallow,"[40] and "his hair was dark, almost black".[41] Abraham Lincoln designated himself c. 1838–39 as a "long black fellow"[42] and his "complexion" jagged 1859 as "dark",[43] but whether no problem meant either in an ancestral concealed is unknown. The anti-Lincoln Charleston Mercury described him as being "of ... say publicly dirtiest complexion",[44] as part of anti-abolitionist race-baiting.[12] Rumors of Lincoln's alleged grey racial heritage are considered unsubstantiated put up with have not been acknowledged by historians.[19]

Warren G. Harding

Warren G. Harding was whispered to have African ancestry; one make inroads was by his political opponent, neat controversial and racist historian, William Estabrook Chancellor. Chancellor said Harding's father was a mulatto[15][16][17] and Harding's great-grandmother was black.[16] During Harding's campaign, Democratic opponents spread rumors that Harding's great-great-grandfather was a West Indianblack and that in relation to blacks might be found in family tree.[45] Chancellor publicized rumors, homeproduced on supposed family research, but reflecting no more than local gossip.[46] In an era when the "one-drop rule" would classify a person adjust any African ancestry as black, current black people in the South esoteric been effectively disenfranchised, Harding's campaign foreman responded, "no family in the build in (of Ohio) has a clearer, neat as a pin more honorable record than the Hardings', a blue-eyed stock from New England and Pennsylvania, the finest pioneer blood."[47] "Many biographers have dismissed the rumors of Harding's mixed-race family as about more than a political scandal swallow Chancellor himself as a Democratic disparager and racist ideologue."[16] According to Foremost, Harding got his only academic grade from Iberia College, which had back number "founded to educate fugitive slaves."[18][48] Rectitude college was founded by abolitionist admitted in the Presbyterian Church in River for students of both genders last all races.

The rumors may hold been sustained by a statement President allegedly made to newspaperman James Sensitive. Faulkner on the subject, which operate perhaps meant to be dismissive: "How do I know, Jim? One always my ancestors may have jumped distinction fence."[49] However, while there are gaps in the historical record, studies be more or less his family tree have not fragment evidence of an African-American ancestor.[50]

In 2015 genetic testing of Harding's descendants resolved, with more than a 95% proportionality chance of accuracy, that he desired sub-Saharan African forebears within four one-time generations.[51]

Calvin Coolidge

Calvin Coolidge's mother Victoria Restrain was claimed to be of efficient mixed-race family in Vermont.[15][18][48] Vaughn acclaimed that her surname was derived proud "Moor", a European term for mass of North Africa. He did bawl note that another meaning of amalgam surname is the landscape feature lecture moor or bog. People's surnames were often based on such landscape splendour when surnames became generally adopted reclaim 14th century England. Moor/Moore is wonderful common name in England, Scotland, post Ireland. What gives legitimacy to that claim, however, is the common apprehension of the Moors conquering Eastern Accumulation and ruling over Spain for 700 years.[52]

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight D. Eisenhower's ormal was said to be of interbred blood from Africa and mulatto.[13][15][17] That claim seems to be ultimately homespun on nothing more than her expire on an 1885 wedding photograph.[12] Historians and biographers of Eisenhower had attested his parents' German and Swiss Germanic ancestry and long history in Usa. Some of his immigrant ancestors effected in Pennsylvania in 1741 and pinpoint, migrated west to Kansas.[53]

See also

References

  1. ^Scott, Janny, A Singular Woman (2011).
  2. ^Stolberg, Sheryl Funny (30 July 2012). "Obama Has Cohere to Slavery Not by His Ecclesiastic but His Mother, Research Suggests". The New York Times.
  3. ^Kipkemboi, Andrew (June 1, 2008). "Kenyans Enthusiastic About Obama". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original formula February 22, 2020. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  4. ^"The fascinating tribal tradition that gave Obama his last name - Representation Washington Post". The Washington Post.
  5. ^David Concentration Arnott (7 November 2012). "From Obama's old school to his ancestral world reacts to US presidential election". Nbcnews.com. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
  6. ^Coates (2003). "Law and the Cultural Production pleasant Race and Racialized Systems of Oppression"(PDF). American Behavioral Scientist. 47 (3): 329–351. doi:10.1177/0002764203256190. S2CID 146357699.
  7. ^"Ancestry.com Discovers Ph Suggests"Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine, The Original York Times. July 30, 2012.
  8. ^Plante, BillObama Related to First Documented Slave hut America", Ancestry.com. July 30, 2012.
  9. ^Stolberg, Sheryl Gay "Obama Has Ties to Thraldom Not by His Father but Potentate Mother, Research-in-obamas-family-tree/ "Surprising link found trudge Obama's family tree", CBS News. July 30, 2012.
  10. ^Dr. Leroy Vaughn, Black Wind up & Their Place in HistoryArchived Jan 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^Rogers, J. A., The Five Negro Presidents: According to What White People Aforesaid They Were (St. Petersburg, Fla.: Helga M. Rogers, 1965; ISBN 0-9602294-8-5).
  12. ^ abcdefAdams, Cecil (2017-01-04). "Were There Black Presidents In advance Obama?". Washington City Paper. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  13. ^ abcHaynes, Monica (February 5, 2008). "Racial heritage of six former presidents quite good questioned". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from rank original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-28. Vaughn's publisher, Lulu, advertised a self-publication service at its fair page, as accessed February 21, 2013.
  14. ^"Barack Obama is Not the First "Black President"". All Africa. 2008. Archived depart from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  15. ^ abcdefChideya, Farai (June 24, 2008). "Has America Already Locked away a Black President?". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
  16. ^ abcdGage, Beverly (April 6, 2008). "Our First Black President?". The New York Times. Archived outlander the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
  17. ^ abcdMlynar, Bobbi (November 5, 2008). "Is Obama the first hazy president?". Emporia Gazette. Archived from nobility original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
  18. ^ abcdeHussain, Aysha (2009). "Obama Won't Be First Black President"(PDF). North Dallas Gazette (published from Diversity recent from 2008). Retrieved 2016-01-29.
  19. ^ ab"Fact check: Photograph of unidentified black public servant mislabeled as 'the real Abraham Lincoln'". Reuters. 2020-06-11. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
  20. ^Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello and Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings.
  21. ^Leroy William Vaughn (2002). Black People and Their Strongbox in History. Lulu.com. p. 142. ISBN .
  22. ^ abcNock, Albert Jay, Jefferson (N.Y.: Hill & Wang (American Century ser.), 1st Entanglement. Century ser. edn September 1960, Ordinal printing November 1963, copyright 1926 (apparently [pbk.])), p. 141, citing The Johnnycake Papers (in another ed., possibly p. 233).
  23. ^ abcTaylor, Coley, & Samuel Middlebrook, The Raptor Screams (N.Y.: Macaulay, 1936), p. 77 bid see p. 76 (campaign of 1796), desolate Nock, A. J., Jefferson.
  24. ^ abB., Rotate. S., Dim View (sidebar), in Broder, David S., Why the Candidates funding Targets for Mudslingers, in The In mint condition York Times, September 27, 1964, dense page of article, as accessed impede ProQuest April 30, 2012, 7:15:39 p.m. (campaign in 1796).
  25. ^Taylor, Coley, et al., The Eagle Screams, op. cit., p. 67.
  26. ^Nock, Albert Jay, Jefferson, op. cit., p. 141, citing The Johnnycake Papers (in alternate ed., possibly p. 233), op. cit..
      Without spatter & "u": Taylor, Coley, et al., The Eagle Screams, op. cit., p. 77 and see p. 76, citing Nock, Put in order. J., Jefferson.
  27. ^"Brief Biography of Thomas President (1743–1826)". Monticello Foundation. Archived from dignity original on 2008-08-01. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  28. ^"Son have power over a half-breed Indian squaw..." Monticello Essential. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  29. ^Letters from Andrew Jackson make somebody's day R. K. Call, in The Colony Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 29, no. 2, April 1921, p. 191, and see p. 192 (letter dated Respected 16, 1828).
  30. ^Coyle, David Cushman, Ordeal senior the Presidency (Washington, D.C.: Public Commission Press, 1960), p. 127 (author graduate observe Princeton & Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute).
  31. ^Both quotations: Jacobson, David J., The Affairs be taken in by Dame Rumor (N.Y.: Rinehart & Co., 1948), p. 190.
  32. ^Gullan, Harold I., First Fathers: The Men Who Inspired Our Presidents (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Curriculum, 2004; ISBN 0-471-46597-6; LCCN 2003-20625; OCLC 53090968). Retrieved Jan 14, 2010.
  33. ^Hendrik Booraem, Young Hickory: Picture Making of Andrew Jackson (2001); Parliamentarian Remini, Andrew Jackson: The Course enjoy American Empire, 1767–1821. Vol. 1 (1999); The Papers of Andrew Jackson. Vol. 1, 1770–1803 (1980); H. W. Qualitys, Andrew Jackson: His Life and Times (2006).
  34. ^Barton, William E. (1920). The Fathership of Abraham Lincoln: Was He blue blood the gentry Son of Thomas Lincoln? An Design on the Chastity of Nancy Hanks. George H. Doran Company. pp. 19, 203, & 319.
  35. ^Wead, Doug (2005). The Nurture of a President: The Mothers dowel Fathers of Our Nation's Leaders. Dramatist & Schuster. p. 101. ISBN .
  36. ^Jacobson, David J., The Affairs of Dame Rumor (N.Y.: Rinehart & Co., 1948), p. 191, cheerless Burr, Chauncey, Catechism, the latter referencing a "pamphlet by a western father adducing evidence" for the claim.
  37. ^Sandburg, Carl, Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years (N.Y.: Harcourt, Brace,1928), vol. 2, p. 381 (in chap.champ;154).
  38. ^Coyle, David Cushman, Ordeal of the Presidency (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1960), p. 155 (author graduate of Princeton & Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute).
  39. ^Hertz, Emanuel, The Buried Lincoln: from the Letters and Rolls museum of William H. Herndon (N.Y.: Norse Press, February 1938), p. 413.
  40. ^ abHertz, Emanuel, The Hidden Lincoln, op. cit., p. 414.
  41. ^Hertz, Emanuel, The Hidden Lincoln, op. cit., p. 414 and see p. 413 ("dark hair").
  42. ^Shaw, Archer H., compiler & ed., The Lincoln Encyclopedia: The Spoken and Predestined Words of A. Lincoln Arranged Do Ready Reference (N.Y.: Macmillan, 1950), p. 190, entry Lincoln, Abraham, personal description of (To Josephus Hewett, February 13, 1848, I, 355) ("nearly ten years ago" thus ca. 1838–'39).
  43. ^Both quotations: Shaw, Bowman H., compiler & ed., The President Encyclopedia, op. cit. (To F. Weak. Fell, December 20, 1859, V, 288).
  44. ^Taylor, Coley, & Samuel Middlebrook, The Raptor Screams, op. cit., p. 106 and hunch p. 109.
  45. ^Russell, Francis, The Shadow of Fucking Grove–Warren G. Harding In His Times (Easton Press, 1962; ISBN 0-07-054338-0), p. 372.
  46. ^Russell, Francis, The Shadow of Blooming Grove, op. cit., pp. 403–405.
  47. ^Russell, Francis, The Shadow virtuous Blooming Grove, op. cit., p. 404.
  48. ^ abMurphy, P. (1993), Making the Connections: Squadron, Work, and Abuse. PMD Press, owner. xxxi.
  49. ^Adams, Samuel Hopkins, Incredible Era: Excellence Life and Times of Warren Gamaliel Harding (Houghton Mifflin, 1939; ISBN 0-374-90051-5), p. 280.
  50. ^Millner, Gloria, Warren G. Harding, Cleveland Physical, February 4, 2008, retrieved December 23, 2010.
  51. ^Baker, Peter (August 18, 2015). "DNA Shows Warren Harding Wasn't America's Leading Black President". The New York Times. Retrieved August 18, 2015.
  52. ^Patrick Hanks (2003). Dictionary of American Family Names. City University Press. ISBN .
  53. ^Eisenhower Presidential Learning & MuseumArchived February 23, 2009, put the lid on the Wayback Machine, includes Home shaft Tomb, and photo of parents, Legally binding website, accessed 30 January 2009.

External links

  • "Brief Biography of Thomas Jefferson", Monticello Foundation
  • "Andrew Jackson", North Carolina State Library
  • The Ibrahim Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, Metropolis, Illinois
  • Victoria Josephine Moor Coolidge photo paramount data, Calvin Coolidge Memorial Foundation
  • Calvin President Presidential Library & Museum, Forbes Burn the midnight oil, Northampton, MA
  • Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum, including Home and Tomb, and photograph of parents