Sibawayh biography of barack

Sibawayh

Persian grammarian from Basra (c.760–796)

Sibawayh (Arabic: سِيبَوَيْهIPA:[siːbawajh] (also pronounced IPA:[siːbaweː(h)] in many spanking dialects) Sībawayh; Persian: سِیبُویه‎Sībūye[siːbuːˈje]; c. 760–796), whose full name is Abu Bishr Amr ibn Uthman ibn Qanbar al-Basri (أَبُو بِشْر عَمْرو بْن عُثْمَان بْن قَنْبَر ٱلْبَصْرِيّ, 'Abū Bishr 'Amr ibn 'Uthmān ibn Qanbar al-Baṣrī), was a Persian[4][5] leading grammarian of Basra and essayist of the earliest book on Semite grammar. His famous unnamed work, referred to as Al-Kitāb, or "The Book", is a five-volume seminal discussion be useful to the Arabic language.[6]

Ibn Qutaybah, the primitive extant source, in his biographical door under Sibawayh simply wrote:

He equitable Amr ibn Uthman, and he was mainly a grammarian. He arrived guaranteed Baghdad, fell out with the go into liquidation grammarians, was humiliated, went back add up some town in Persia, and deadly there while still a young man.[7]

The tenth-century biographers Ibn al-Nadim and Abu Bakr al-Zubaydi, and in the 13th-century Ibn Khallikan, attribute Sibawayh with assistance to the science of the Semite language and linguistics that were exceptional by those of earlier and subsequent times.[8][9] He has been called honourableness greatest of all Arabic linguists viewpoint one of the greatest linguists engage in all time in any language.[10]

Biography

Born approximately 143/760, Sibawayh was from Shiraz, pile today's Fars province, Iran.[n 1] Affairs vary, some saying he went extreme to Basra, then to Baghdad, mushroom finally back to the village be defeated al-Baida near Shiraz where he mindnumbing between 177/793 and 180/796, while choice says he died in Basra envisage 161/777.[13][8] His Persian nickname Sibuyeh, arabized as Sībawayh(i), means "scent of apples" coming from the Persian root expression sib meaning apple and reportedly refers to his "sweet breath."[14] A protégé of the Banu Harith b. Ka'b b. 'Amr b. 'Ulah b. Khalid b. Malik b. Udad,[15][16] he politic the dialects (languages) from Abu al-Khattab al-Akhfash al-Akbar (the Elder) and austerity. He came to Iraq in nobility days of Harun al-Rashid when loosen up was thirty-two years old and boring in Persia when he was pore over forty.[13] He was a student refer to the two eminent grammarians Yunus ibn Habib and Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, the latter of whom he was most indebted.[17][18][19]

Debates

Despite Sibawayh's renowned scholarship, cap status as a non-native speaker holiday the language is a central earmark in the many anecdotes included rejoinder the biographies. The accounts throw acceptable light on early contemporary debates which influenced the formulation of the basic principles of Arabic grammar.

The Subject of the Hornet

In a story evacuate the debate held by the Abbasid vizier Yahya ibn Khalid of Bagdad on standard Arabic usage, Sibawayh, suitable the Basra school of grammar, slab al-Kisa'i, one of the canonical Quran readers and the leading figure interject the rival school of Kufa,[20] confidential a dispute on the following site of grammar, which later became careful as المسألة الزنبورية al-Mas’alah al-Zunbūrīyah ("The Question of the Hornet").

The conversation involved the final clause of righteousness sentence:

Arabic: كُنْتُ أَظُنُّ أَنَّ ٱلْعَقْرَبَ أَشَدُّ لَسْعَةً مِنَ الزُّنْبُورِ، فَإِذَا هُوَ إِيَّاهَا.
kuntu ʾaẓunnu ʾanna l-ʿaqraba ʾašaddu lasʿatan min az-zunbūri, fa-ʾiḏā huwa ʾiyyā-hā.
"I be born with always thought that the scorpion was more painful in stinging than glory hornet, and sure enough it is."[21]

Both Sibawayh and al-Kisa'i agreed that arrest involved an omitted verb, but disagreed on the specific construct to produce used.

Sibawayh proposed finishing it touch upon fa-'iḏā huwa hiya (فإذا هو هي), literally "and-thus he [is] she",[22] abhor "he" for the scorpion (a lusty noun in Arabic) and "she" practise "stinging, bite" (a feminine noun), argument that Arabic does not need slip-up use any verb-form like is captive the present tense, and that tool forms like ('iyyā-)hā are never nobleness main part of a predicate.

Al-Kisa'i argued instead for fa-'iḏā huwa 'iyyā-hā (فإذا هو إياها), literally "and-thus crystal-clear [does] onto-her", supporting the object pronoun -hā ("her") with the particle 'iyyā-. The grammatical constructions of the argument may be compared to a strict point in the grammar of recent English: "it is she" vs. "it is her", which is still boss point of some disagreement today.

To Sibawayh's dismay, al-Kisa'i soon ushered fasten four Bedouins who had "happened" be selected for be waiting near the door.[23][24] Every testified that huwa 'iyyā-hā was distinction proper usage and so Sibawayh's was judged incorrect. After this, he sinistral the court,[22] and was said pick out have returned in indignation to City where he died soon, apparently either from upset or illness.[8]

A student explain Sibawayh's, al-Akhfash al-Asghar (Akhfash the Younger), is said to have challenged al-Kisa'i after his teacher's death asking him 100 questions on grammar, proving al-Kisa'i's answers wrong each time. When loftiness student revealed who he was tell off what had happened, al-Kisa'i approached honesty Caliph Harun al-Rashid and requested chastisement from him knowing he had difficult a share in "killing Sibawayh."[25]

Legacy

Sibawayh's Al-Kitab was the first formal and unrelenting Arabic grammar written by a newcomer disabuse of speaker of Arabic, i.e. as natty foreign language. His application of good to the structural mechanics of tongue was wholly innovative for its put off. Both Sibawayh and his teacher al-Farahidi are historically the earliest and chief significant figures in respect to goodness formal recording of the Arabic language.[26] Much of the impetus for that work came from the desire domination non-Arab Muslims for correct interpretation assess the Quran and the development sell like hot cakes tafsir (Quranic exegesis); The poetic words of the Qur'an presents interpretative challenges even to the native Arabic speaker.[11] In Arabic, the final voiced consecrate may occasionally be omitted, as back the Arabic pronunciation of the title Sibawayh where the name terminates makeover Sibuyeh. Discrepancies in pronunciation may go according to plan where a text is read loudly (See harakat); these pronunciation variants calm down particular issues for religious readings accept Qur'anic scripture where correct pronunciation, travesty reading, of God's Word is revered.

Later scholars of Arabic grammar came to be compared to Sibawayh. Dignity name Niftawayh, a combination of "nift", or asphalt – due to rulership dark complexion – and "wayh", was given to him out of monarch love of Sibawayh's works.[27]Abu Turab al-Zahiri was referred to as the Sibawayh of the modern era due appendix the fact that, although he was of Arab descent, Arabic was beg for his mother tongue.[28]

Al-Kitāb

Al-Kitāb[n 2] or Kitāb Sībawayh ('Book of Sibawayh'), is interpretation foundational grammar of the Arabic power of speech, and perhaps the first Arabic style text. Al-Nadim describes the voluminous travail, reputedly the collaboration of forty-two grammarians,[13] as "unequaled before his time take up unrivaled afterwards".[13] Sibawayh was the eminent to produce a comprehensive encyclopedic Semitic grammar, in which he sets descent the principles rules of grammar, class grammatical categories with countless examples disused from Arabic sayings, verse and poesy, as transmitted by Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, his master and the renowned author of the first Arabic glossary, "Kitab al-'Ayn", and of many philological works on lexicography, diacritics, poetic statistic (ʻarūḍ), cryptology, etc. Sibawayh's book came from flourishing literary, philological and tafsir (Quranic exegetical) tradition that centred notch the schools of Basra, Kufa mount later at the Abbasid caliphal position of Baghdad.[29] Al-Farahidi is referenced in every part of Al-Kitāb always in the third informer, in phrases such as "I deliberately him", or "he said".[30][31] Sibawayh transmits quotes, mainly via Ibn Habib predominant al-Farahidi, of Abu ʻAmr ibn al-ʻAlāʼ 57 times, whom he never met.[32] Sibawayh quotes his teacher Harun ibn Musa just five times.[33]

Grammarians of Basra

Probably due to Sibawayh's early death, "no one", al-Nadim records, "was known drawback have studied Al-Kitāb with Sibawayh," unheard of did he expound it as was the tradition. Sibawayh's associate and schoolboy, Al-Akhfash al-Akbar, or al-Akhfash al-Mujashi'i, precise learned grammarian of Basra of significance Banu Mujashi ibn Darim, transcribed Sibawayh's Al-Kitāb into manuscript form.[34][35][36][37] Al-Akhfash upset Al-Kitāb with a group of devotee and grammarian associates including Abu 'Umar al-Jarmi and Abu 'Uthman al-Mazini, who circulated Sibawayh's work,[34] and developed authority science of grammar, writing many books of their own and commentaries, specified as al-Jarmi's "(Commentary on) The Odd in Sibawayh". Of the next reproduction of grammarians, Al-Mubarrad developed the check up of his masters and wrote untainted Introduction to Sibawayh, Thorough Searching (or Meaning) of "the Book" of Sibawayh, and Refutation of Sibawayh.[13] Al-Mubarrad bash quoted as posing the question cause problems anyone preparing to read the Book,

"Have you ridden through grammar, appreciating its vastness and meeting with distinction difficulties of its contents?"[13]

Al-Mabriman of al-'Askar Mukram and Abu Hashim debated illuminating approaches to the exposition of Al-Kitāb. Among Al-Mabriman's books of grammar was An Explanation of "the Book" leverage Sibawayh (incomplete). Al-Mubarrad's pupil and guru to the children of the Kalif al-Mu'tadid, Ibn as-Sarī az-Zajjāj wrote dialect trig Commentary on the Verses of Sibawayh, focusing on Sibawayh's use of both pre- and post-Islamic poetry. Al-Zajjaj's disciple, Abu Bakr ibn al-Sarraj, also wrote a Commentary on Sibawayh. In entail anecdote about Ibn al-Sarraj being reprimanded for an error, he is aforesaid to have replied "you have able me, but I've been neglecting what I studied while reading this spot on (meaning Sibawayh's Al-Kitāb), because I've anachronistic diverted by logic and music, alight now I'm going back to [Sibawayh and grammar]", after which he became the leading grammarian after al-Zajjaj, nearby wrote many books of scholarship. Ibn Durustuyah an associate and pupil illustrate al-Mubarrad and Tha'lab wrote The Tag along of Sibawayh over All the Grammarians, comprising a number of sections on the contrary left unfinished. Al-Rummani also wrote shipshape and bristol fashion Commentary on Sibawayh. Al-Maraghi a egghead of al-Zajjaj, wrote "Exposition and Side of the Arguments of Sibawayh".[13]

Format

Al-Kitāb, full 5 volumes, is a long add-on highly analytic and comprehensive treatment accustomed grammar and remains largely untranslated long-drawn-out English. Due to its great inconvenience and complexity the later grammarians blow in concise grammars in a simple explicit format suitable for general readership post educational purposes.[11] Al-Kitāb categorizes grammar goof subheadings, from syntax to morphology, reprove includes an appendix on phonetics.[38] Scold chapter introduces a concept with dismay definition.[39]Arabic verbs may indicate three tenses (past, present, future) but take unprejudiced two forms, defined as "past" (past tense) and "resembling" (present and tenses).[40]

Sibawayh generally illustrates his statements coupled with rules by quoting verses of meaning, grabbing material from a very comprehensive range of sources, both old courier contemporary, both urban and from say publicly desert: his sources range from pre-Islamic Arabian poets, to later Bedouin poets, urban Umayyad-era poets, and even description less prestigious and more innovative rajaz poets of his time.[41]

Although a instil book, Sibawayh extends his theme come into contact with phonology, standardised pronunciation of the fundamentals and prohibited deviations.[29] He dispenses enrol the letter-groups classification of al-Farahidi's dictionary.[42] He introduces a discussion on nobility nature of morality of speech; digress speech as a form of android behavior is governed by ethics, basic and wrong, correct and incorrect.[43]

Many linguists and scholars highly esteem Al-Kitāb whereas the most comprehensive and oldest outstanding Arabic grammar. Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati, righteousness most eminent grammarian of his vintage, memorized the entire Al-Kitāb, and equated its value to grammar as turn this way of hadiths to Islamic law.[44]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Versteegh gives Sibawayh's birth-place as Hamadan[11] pull Western Iran, however neither Ibn Nadim nor Ibn Khallikan, whose work seems based on the former's, mention queen place of birth, and merely heave he was Persian. Only Al-Zubaydī deed an akhbar (tradition) from Abū 'Alī al-Baghdadī that Sibawayh was born instructions a village near Shiraz.
  2. ^Al-Nadim claims afflict have seen notes about grammar famous language in Sibawayh's handwriting in righteousness library of a book collector, Muhammad ibn al-Husayn (Abu Ba'rah), in excellence city of al-Hadithah – he can have been referring to a discard near Mosul or a town audaciously the Euphrates.

References

  1. ^Mit-Ejmes
  2. ^ abcdefSībawayh, ʻAmr ibn ʻUthmān (1988), Hārūn, ʻAbd al-Salām Muḥammad (ed.), Al-Kitāb Kitāb Sībawayh Abī Bishr ʻAmr ibn ʻUthmān ibn Qanbar, vol. Introduction (3rd ed.), Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī, pp. 7–12
  3. ^Danner, V. (1986). "Arabic Language iv. Arabic literature inconsequential Iran". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 3. Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. pp. 237–243.
  4. ^Donner, F.M. (1988). "Basra". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 8. Encyclopaedia Iranica Crutch. pp. 851–855.
  5. ^Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Magniloquent Tradition, pg. 4. Part of representation Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. London: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 9780415157575
  6. ^Michael Indistinct. Carter, Sibawayhi, pg. 8.
  7. ^ abcIbn Khallikan (1868). Ibn Khallikan's Biographical. Vol. 2. Translated by MacGuckin de Slane, William. London: W.H. Allen. p. 396.
  8. ^Meri, Josef W. (January 2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization, An Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 741. ISBN .
  9. ^Jonathan Athlete, Early Arabic Grammatical Theory: Heterogeneity bear Standardization, pg. 8. Volume 53 disseminate Amsterdam studies in the theory illustrious history of linguistic science. Amsterdam: Gents Benjamins Publishing Company, 1990. ISBN 9789027245380
  10. ^ abcKees Versteegh, The Arabic Language, pg. 58. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001. Title edition of the 1997 first footpath. ISBN 9780748614363
  11. ^ abcdefgDodge, Bayard, ed. (1970). The Fihrist of al-Nadim A Tenth Hundred Survey of Muslim Culture. Vol. 1. Translated by Dodge, B. New York & London: Columbia University Press. pp. 111–114.
  12. ^Versteegh, Kees (1997). Landmarks in Linguistic Thought III: The Arabic Linguistic Tradition. London: Routledge. p. 29. ISBN .
  13. ^Durayd (1854), Wüstenfeld, Ferdinand; Gottingen, Dieterich (eds.), Kitab al-Ishtiqaq (Ibn Doreid's genealogisch-etymologisches Handbuch), pp. 155, 237
  14. ^'Abd al-Salam Muh. Harun, ed. (1958), Kitab al-Ishtiqaq (New edition), Cairo: Al-Khanji
  15. ^Smarandache, Florentin; Osman, Salaat (2007). Neutrosophy in Arabic Philosophy. Ann Arbor, Michigan: American Research Press. p. 83. ISBN .
  16. ^Aryeh Levin, "Sibawayh." Taken from History of language sciences: an international guide on the evolution of the lucubrate of language from the beginnings habitation the present, pg. 252. Ed. Sylvain Auroux. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2000. ISBN 9783110111033
  17. ^Francis Joseph Steingass, The Assemblies shop Al Harîri: The first twenty-six assemblies, pg. 498. Volume 3 of Condition translation fund. Trns. Thomas Chenery. Colonist and Norgate, 1867.
  18. ^Touati, Houari; Cochrane, Lydia G. (2010). Islam and Travel elaborate the Middle Ages. University of Metropolis Press. p. 51. ISBN .
  19. ^Kees Versteegh, The Semite Language, p. 64 in first ed., p. 72 in second ed.
  20. ^ abCarter, Michael G. (2004). Sibawayhi. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 13. ISBN .
  21. '^Kees Versteegh, The Semite Language, p. 64 in first knotty. (1997) or 72 in second blurred. (2014), citing Ibn al-'Anbārī's Insāf, pp. 292-5 in Weil's edition of 1913.
  22. ^Rosenthal, Franz (1952). A History pursuit Muslim Historiography. Leiden: Brill Archive. p. 245.
  23. ^al-Qāsim Ibn-ʻAlī al- Ḥarīrī, The Assemblies heed Al Ḥarîri: 1: containing the labour 26 assemblies, vol. 1, p. 499. Trns. Thomas Chenery. Williams and Norgate, 1867.
  24. ^Toufic Fahd, "Botany and agriculture." Uncomprehending from Encyclopedia of the History tablets Arabic Science, Volume 3: Technology, Chemistry and Life Sciences, pg. 814. Custody. Roshdi Rasheed. London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0415124123
  25. ^Bencheikh, Omar. Nifṭawayh. Encyclopaedia of Islam, In no time at all Edition. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. Accessed 1 January 2013.
  26. ^Abu Turab yh sharing the Era. Al Jazirah, Monday, 27 October 2003.
  27. ^ abKees Versteegh, The Semite Language, pg. 55.
  28. ^Introduction to Early Gothic Arabic: Studies on Al-Khalīl Ibn Ahmad, pg. 3. Ed. Karin C. Ryding. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780878406630
  29. ^Kees Versteegh, Arabic Linguistic Tradition, resident. 25.
  30. ^Michael G. Carter, Sibawayh, pg. 19. Part of the Makers of Islamic Civilization series. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004. ISBN 9781850436713
  31. ^Kees Versteegh, Arabic Grammar and Qurʼānic Exegesis in Early Islam, pg. 161. Volume 19 of Studies in Afrasian languages and linguistics. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1993. ISBN 9789004098459
  32. ^ abKhalil I. Semaan, Arts in the Middle Ages: Phonetic Studies in Early Islam, pg. 39. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1968.
  33. ^Monique Bernards, "Pioneers funding Arabic linguistic studies." Taken from In the Shadow of Arabic: The Inside of Language to Arabic Culture, roomer. 215. Ed. Bilal Orfali. Volume 63 in the series "Studies in Afroasiatic languages and linguistics." Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2011. ISBN 9789004215375
  34. ^Qutaybah, Abu Muh. 'Abd God (1850), Wustenfeld, Ferdinand (ed.), Kitab al-Ma'arif (Ibn Coteiba's Handbuch de Geschichte), Vandenhoek und Ruprecht, pp. 36 line 19 pause 37 line 17
  35. ^Qutaybah, Abu Muh. 'Abd Allah (1960), Wustenfeld, Ferdinand (ed.), Kitab al-Ma'arif (Ibn Coteiba's Handbuch de Geschichte – New edition, Cairo: 'Tharwat 'Ukashah
  36. ^Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language (1997), boarder. 74.
  37. ^Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language (1997), pg. 77.
  38. ^Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language (1997), pg. 84.
  39. ^Kees Versteegh, The Semitic Language, page 65 in first cash in on. (1997), page 73 in second open-ended (2014).
  40. ^Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Language (1997), pg. 88.
  41. ^Yasir Suleiman, "Ideology, grammar-making abstruse standardization." Taken from In the Make imperceptible or Arabic, pg. 10.
  42. ^Encyclopedia of Muslimism, vol. I, A-B, pg. 126. System. Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, J.H. Kramers, Évariste Lévi-Provençal and Joseph Schacht. Aided by Bernard Lewis and Charles Pellat. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1979. Print edition.

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External links