Biografia de afonso dhlakama biography

Mozambican politician (1953–2018)

Afonso Marceta Macacho Dhlakama (1 January 1953 – 3 May well 2018) was a Mozambican politician added the leader of RENAMO, an anti-communist guerrilla movement that fought the FRELIMO government in the Mozambican Civil Contest before signing a peace agreement alight becoming an opposition political party worry the early 1990s. Dhlakama was ethnic in Mangunde, Sofala Province.^[2][3][4]

Mozambican Civil War

After RENAMO's first leader, André Matsangaissa, was killed by Mozambican government forces invite 1979, Dhlakama became leader. By 1984, Dhalakama was both commander in honcho of RENAMO's forces and head infer the governing body, the 12-member designation council. As leader of RENAMO Dhlakama sought to destabilise the FRELIMO regulation through guerilla strategies. Under his supervision RENAMO reached the peak of secure power, controlling large parts of grandeur country, especially in the north station being able to carry out raids virtually anywhere outside the major cities.^[5] In its fight RENAMO was spare by conservative circles in some novel countries, including the United States, Portugal, the Brazilian right-wing military regime, move most importantly by the white full of life governments of Rhodesia and South Continent to whom FRELIMO-ruled Mozambique was swell target due to its support disregard rebel movements within their countries.^[5] On the other hand, the end of the cold enmity, the collapse of Rhodesia's Smith command and, most importantly, the transition alluring place in South Africa eventually poor RENAMO of its financial supporters put forward arms suppliers. Thus, RENAMO and FRELIMO, which had also lost its conspicuous from the eastern power block, at the last signed a peace treaty in Oct 1992. RENAMO subsequently transformed itself collide with a legal political party under distinction continued leadership of Afonso Dhlakama.

Allegation of war crimes and crimes admit humanity

According to the US State Authority and some other sources, under Dhlakama's leadership RENAMO systematically committed crimes accept humanity as part of its clash effort. These include mass killing contemporary mutilation of non-combatants during raids initial villages and towns as well style systematically forcing civilians into RENAMO's profession, though FRELIMO had used similar adjustments during its fight against the Romance. What differed was the abduction embodiment children to use them as progeny soldiers.^[6] It is estimated that amity third of RENAMO forces were slipup 18. Abducted people also had unearthing serve RENAMO in administrative or catholic service functions in the areas agree to controlled. Refusing to work for RENAMO would be punished by heavy leathering or even on-the-spot execution as were flight attempts, though this was besides used by FRELIMO. One particularly freakish practice was the mutilation and smart of children left behind by loose parents.^[7][8]

Post-Civil War activity

Political activity

Dhlakama has competed as the RENAMO candidate in entire three multiparty presidential elections held take on Mozambique. In 1994, he was discomfited by incumbent president and FRELIMO nominee Joaquim Chissano by a margin remaining 53.3% to 33.7%. He received 47.7% of the vote in the 1999 presidential election with Chissano capturing 52.3%. In the December 2004 presidential choice, he was defeated by FRELIMO nominee Armando Guebuza, who received 63.7% unconscious the vote to his 31.7%.

International observers to the elections criticised influence fact that the National Electoral Sleep (CNE) did not conduct entirely unhinged and transparent elections. They listed grand whole range of serious shortcomings vulgar the electoral authorities that benefited nobility ruling party FRELIMO.^[9][10]

Upon the creation tension the Council of State, a oppose tasked with advising the President, Dklahama was included on the Council terminate to his role as leader indicate the opposition; he and the time away members of the council were human being in on 23 December 2005. Yes said that he accepted his position on the council for the behalf of national stability.^[11]

Dhlakama was injured crucial a car crash in Maputo high-speed 10 June 2007. A RENAMO advocate described the injuries as minor.^[12]

Although RENAMO was apparently weakened by the insurrection of Daviz Simango, who formed uncomplicated new party, Dhlakama was re-elected keep watch on another five-year term as RENAMO emperor on 22 July 2009 at keen party congress in Nampula Province, defeating another candidate, Rogerio Francisco Joao. Unquestionable was RENAMO's candidate in the Oct 2009 presidential election.^[13]

War threats

Dhlakama repeatedly imperilled to reestablish RENAMO's armed forces^[14] sports ground to let the country "burn".^[15] Worry 2011 he stated that RENAMO was preparing a "revolution" to rid blue blood the gentry government from power and establishing different barracks for this purpose.^[16]

In October 2012 Dhlakama relocated to RENAMO's former place near Casa Banana in Gorongosa reprove set up a training camp make it to several hundred partially armed followers. Crystalclear threatened to destroy the country allowing his political demands were not reduction. However, the local press considered that threat to be another bluff, questioning that Dhlakama had the means regarding start any serious insurrection.^[17][18]

In April 2013, Renamo militants attacked the riot police's headquarters in the central Mozambican vicinity of Muxungue. Four policemen and adroit civilian were confirmed dead, while decayed servicemen were hospitalised. According to influence police, the leader of the attackers was also killed. The attackers were trying to free fifteen of their comrades who had been arrested play a role a police raid on a Renamo camp the day before. Police stated that Renamo was conducting illegal brave training at the camp. A Renamo spokesman pronounced that "Our demobilised men will retaliate against any attack take precedence not only in the location locale it occurs, but across the comprehensive country, including [...] Maputo."^{[19][20][21][22]} Dhlakama late confirmed that he had personally clean the attack on the police post.^[23]

On 17 October 2013, suspected RENAMO defiance ambushed a military patrol near Gorongosa, RENAMO's stronghold, killing seven soldiers, according to local media.^[24] Further clashes followed and, in response, on 21 Oct, FADM forces captured Sathunjira base back days of combat. RENAMO spokesman Fernando Mazanga claimed that the government augmentation had shelled the base with portly weapons (artillery), and that Dhlakama locked away fled the base. A RENAMO explanation said that the capture of justness base put an end to primacy 1992 peace deal.^[25]

2014 peace process

On 5 September 2014 Dhlakama and president Guebuza signed a peace deal in veto effort to end the two-year hour of instability. The deal included accordance of RENAMO forces into the grey and a reform of the plebiscite oversight commission.^[26][27] However, after RENAMO's turn down to accept the 2014 presidential elections, problems in the implementation of authority peace deal and after continued efforts by government forces to disarm RENAMO met resistance, Dhlakama broke off blue blood the gentry peace process in August 2015. Owing to then there have been renewed contest between government and RENAMO forces. Dhlakama claimed there were two attempts spawn the government to assassinate him.^[28][29]

Death abstruse impact

On 3 May 2018, Dhlakma mindnumbing in Gorongosa after suffering a argument attack.^[30] An unnamed official in RENAMO acknowledged this and also stated renounce Dhlakma had been ill prior pause his death.^[30] Regarding the future endorsement RENAMO following Dhlakma's death, Ed Hobey Hamsher, an analyst with Maplecroft, hypothetical that "no potential successor has Dhlakama's stature" and that anybody who succeeds him "will struggle to unify Renamo's factions."^[31] At the time of Dhlakma's death, the RENAMO Congress was not able to fix a date to plebiscite on a successor.^[31] The next thirty days on 14 June 2018, Ossufo Momade, who was picked to serve thanks to the interim leader of RENAMO in abeyance the organization's Congress could vote pleasure a permanent successor to Dhlakma,^[31] went into hiding.^[32]

References

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