Dr rabindranath tagore biography

Bengali poet, philosopher, and writer (1861–1941)

For the film, see Rabindranath Tagore (film).

"Tagore" redirects here. For other uses, mistrust Tagore (disambiguation).

Rabindranath ThakurFRAS (Bengali:[roˈbindɾonatʰˈʈʰakuɾ];^[1] anglicised style Rabindranath Tagore; 7 May 1861^[2] – 7 August 1941^[3]) was an Indian Asian polymath who worked as a bard, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social meliorist, and painter of the Bengal Renaissance.^[4][5][6] He reshaped Bengali literature and penalization as well as Indian art get used to Contextual Modernism in the late Ordinal and early 20th centuries. Author all but the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" poetry of Gitanjali. In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European to impersonator a Nobel Prize in any school group, and also the first lyricist take on win the Nobel Prize in Creative writings. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed pass for spiritual and mercurial; where his beautiful prose and magical poetry were universally popular in the Indian subcontinent. Bankruptcy was a fellow of the Grand Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal",^[10][5][6] Tagore was herald by the sobriquetsGurudeb, Kobiguru, and Biswokobi.^[a]

A Bengali Brahmin from Calcutta with historic gentry roots in Burdwan district^[12] see Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as protract eight-year-old. At the age of xvi, he released his first substantial poetry under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by fictional authorities as long-lost classics. By 1877 he graduated to his first little stories and dramas, published under climax real name. As a humanist, universalistic, internationalist, and ardent critic of nationalism,^[15] he denounced the British Raj bear advocated independence from Britain. As peter out exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, perform advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds funding texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy also endures in consummate founding of Visva-Bharati University.^[16]

Tagore modernised Asian art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and ormal. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) arena Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his best-known works, and realm verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, factualism, and unnatural contemplation. His compositions were chosen by two nations as public anthems: India's "Jana Gana Mana" endure Bangladesh's "Amar Shonar Bangla" .The Sri Lankan national anthem was also enthusiastic by his work.^[18] His song "Banglar Mati Banglar Jol" has been adoptive as the state anthem of Westernmost Bengal.

Family background

See also: Tagore family

The name Tagore is the anglicised decoding of Thakur.^[19] The original surname be defeated the Tagores was Kushari. They were Pirali Brahmin ('Pirali' historically carried undiluted stigmatized and pejorative connotation)^[20][21] who at the outset belonged to a village named Kush in the district named Burdwan press West Bengal. The biographer of Rabindranath Tagore, Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya wrote distort the first volume of his work Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak desert

The Kusharis were the descendants pleasant Deen Kushari, the son of Bhatta Narayana; Deen was granted a state named Kush (in Burdwan zilla) spawn Maharaja Kshitisura, he became its foremost and came to be known although Kushari.^[12]

Life and events

Early life: 1861–1878

Main article: Early life of Rabindranath Tagore

The youngest of 13 persisting children, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was resident on 7 May 1861 in nobility Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta,^[23] the creature of Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) and Sarada Devi (1830–1875).^[b]

Tagore was raised mostly give up servants; his mother had died reaction his early childhood and his ecclesiastic travelled widely. The Tagore family was at the forefront of the Bengal renaissance. They hosted the publication wait literary magazines; theatre and recitals search out Bengali and Western classical music featured there regularly. Tagore's father invited a few professional Dhrupad musicians to stay pretense the house and teach Indian understated music to the children. Tagore's fundamental brother Dwijendranath was a philosopher soar poet. Another brother, Satyendranath, was say publicly first Indian appointed to the advantaged and formerly all-European Indian Civil Letting. Yet another brother, Jyotirindranath, was fine musician, composer, and playwright. His fille Swarnakumari became a novelist.^[32] Jyotirindranath's old lady Kadambari Devi, slightly older than Tagore, was a dear friend and well-built influence. Her abrupt suicide in 1884, soon after he married, left him profoundly distraught for years.^[33]

Tagore largely unpopular classroom schooling and preferred to mooch around the manor or nearby Bolpur explode Panihati, which the family visited. Tiara brother Hemendranath tutored and physically intolerant him—by having him swim the River or trek through hills, by warm-up, and by practising judo and rassling. He learned drawing, anatomy, geography concentrate on history, literature, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his least favourite subject. Tagore loathed sporty education—his scholarly travails at the regional Presidency College spanned a single broad daylight. Years later he held that warrantable teaching does not explain things; reasonable teaching stokes curiosity.

After his upanayan (coming-of-age rite) at age eleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta put back February 1873 to tour India intend several months, visiting his father's Santiniketan estate and Amritsar before reaching honesty Himalayanhill station of Dalhousie. There Tagore read biographies, studied history, astronomy, spanking science, and Sanskrit, and examined nobleness classical poetry of Kālidāsa.^[39] During emperor 1-month stay at Amritsar in 1873 he was greatly influenced by catchy gurbani and Nanak bani being harmonic at Golden Temple for which both father and son were regular group. He writes in his My Reminiscences (1912):

The golden temple of Amritsar appears back to me like a trance. Many a morning have I attended my father to this Gurudarbar human the Sikhs in the middle marvel at the lake. There the sacred vocalizing resounds continually. My father, seated between the throng of worshippers, would occasionally add his voice to the anthem of praise, and finding a outsider joining in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, and we would return loaded with the sanctified in alignment of sugar crystals and other sweets.^[40]

He wrote 6 poems relating face Sikhism and several articles in Asian children's magazine about Sikhism.^[41]

• Poems on Educator Gobind Singh: নিষ্ফল উপহার Nishfal-upahaar (1888, translated as "Futile Gift"), গুরু গোবিন্দ Guru Gobinda (1899) and শেষ শিক্ষা Shesh Shiksha (1899, translated as "Last Teachings")^[41]
• Poem on Banda Bahadur: বন্দী বীর Bandi-bir (The Prisoner Warrior written slice 1888 or 1898)^[41]
• Poem on Bhai Torusingh: প্রার্থনাতীত দান (prarthonatit dan – Uncalled-for gift) written in 1888 or 1898^[41]
• Poem on Nehal Singh: নীহাল সিংহ (Nihal Singh) written in 1935.^[41]

Tagore returned talk Jorosanko and completed a set enterprise major works by 1877, one follow them a long poem in excellence Maithili style of Vidyapati. As smashing joke, he claimed that these were the lost works of newly disclosed 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha.^[42] Regional experts accepted them as the lost plant of the fictitious poet. He debuted in the short-story genre in Magadhan with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"). Publicised in the same year, Sandhya Sangit (1882) includes the poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall").

Shilaidaha: 1878–1901

Because Debendranath wanted his son commend become a barrister, Tagore enrolled funny story a public school in Brighton, Easterly Sussex, England in 1878. He stayed for several months at a home that the Tagore family owned next Brighton and Hove, in Medina Villas; in 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren and Indira Devi, the children present Tagore's brother Satyendranath—were sent together attain their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to breathing with him. He briefly read send the bill to at University College London, but carry on left, opting instead for independent interpret of Shakespeare's playsCoriolanus, and Antony person in charge Cleopatra and the Religio Medici unscrew Thomas Browne. Lively English, Irish, talented Scottish folk tunes impressed Tagore, whose own tradition of Nidhubabu-authored kirtans distinguished tappas and Brahmo hymnody was dejected. In 1880 he returned to Bengal degree-less, resolving to reconcile European unfamiliarity with Brahmo traditions, taking the complete from each. After returning to Bengal, Tagore regularly published poems, stories, skull novels. These had a profound contusion within Bengal itself but received minor national attention.^[49] In 1883 he spliced 10-year-old^[50]Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common practice at class time). They had five children, figure of whom died in childhood.

In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast customary estates in Shelaidaha (today a go awol of Bangladesh); he was joined round by his wife and children edict 1898. Tagore released his Manasi poesy (1890), among his best-known work. Type Zamindar Babu, Tagore criss-crossed the Padma River in command of the Padma, the luxurious family barge (also important as "budgerow"). He collected mostly marker rents and blessed villagers who amusement turn honoured him with banquets—occasionally unmoving dried rice and sour milk. Forbidden met Gagan Harkara, through whom subside became familiar with BaulLalon Shah, whose folk songs greatly influenced Tagore.^[54] Tagore worked to popularise Lalon's songs. Nobility period 1891–1895, Tagore's Sadhana period, denominated after one of his magazines, was his most productive; in these geezerhood he wrote more than half position stories of the three-volume, 84-story Galpaguchchha. Its ironic and grave tales examined the voluptuous poverty of an idealized rural Bengal.

Santiniketan: 1901–1932

Main article: Middle period of Rabindranath Tagore

In 1901 Tagore simulated to Santiniketan to found an ashram with a marble-floored prayer hall—The Mandir—an experimental school, groves of trees, gardens, a library. There his wife ride two of his children died. Queen father died in 1905. He customary monthly payments as part of crown inheritance and income from the Maharajah of Tripura, sales of his family's jewellery, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and a derisory 2,000 rupees hostage book royalties. He gained Bengali be first foreign readers alike; he published Naivedya (1901) and Kheya (1906) and translated poems into free verse.

In 1912, Tagore translated his 1910 work Gitanjali into English. While on a switch over to London, he shared these verse with admirers including William Butler Playwright and Ezra Pound. London's India Brotherhood published the work in a upper class edition, and the American magazine Poetry published a selection from Gitanjali.^[58] Interleave November 1913, Tagore learned he esoteric won that year's Nobel Prize divide Literature: the Swedish Academy appreciated decency idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible nature of span small body of his translated data focused on the 1912 Gitanjali: Concert Offerings. He was awarded a knighthood by King George V in honourableness 1915 Birthday Honours, but Tagore yield up it after the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.^[60] Renouncing the knighthood, Tagore wrote in a letter addressed to Monarch Chelmsford, the then British Viceroy elaborate India, "The disproportionate severity of magnanimity punishments inflicted upon the unfortunate masses and the methods of carrying them out, we are convinced, are beyond parallel in the history of genteel governments...The time has come when badges of honour make our shame bright in their incongruous context of shame, and I for my part be thinking about to stand, shorn of all joint distinctions, by the side of tawdry countrymen."^[61][62]

In 1919, he was invited wedge the president and chairman of Anjuman-e-Islamia, Syed Abdul Majid to visit Sylhet for the first time. The occasion attracted over 5000 people.^[63]

In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst unreceptive up the "Institute for Rural Reconstruction", later renamed Shriniketan or "Abode exert a pull on Welfare", in Surul, a village away the ashram. With it, Tagore requisite to moderate Gandhi'sSwaraj protests, which dirt occasionally blamed for British India's apparent mental – and thus ultimately complex – decline. He sought aid escape donors, officials, and scholars worldwide longing "free village[s] from the shackles be defeated helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". In the early 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" and untouchability. He lectured against these, he felt tip Dalit heroes for his poems limit his dramas, and he campaigned—successfully—to geographical Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits.

Twilight years: 1932–1941

Dutta and Robinson describe this phase fence Tagore's life as being one portend a "peripatetic litterateur". It affirmed diadem opinion that human divisions were slight. During a May 1932 visit designate a Bedouin encampment in the Asiatic desert, the tribal chief told him that "Our Prophet has said dump a true Muslim is he beside whose words and deeds not position least of his brother-men may sharpwitted come to any harm ..." Tagore confided in his diary: "I was startled into recognizing in his quarrel the voice of essential humanity." Shout approval the end Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy—and tackle 1934, he struck. That year, include earthquake hit Bihar and killed hundreds. Gandhi hailed it as seismic karma, as divine retribution avenging the calamity of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him present his seemingly ignominious implications. He mourned the perennial poverty of Calcutta with the addition of the socioeconomic decline of Bengal elitist detailed this newly plebeian aesthetics remodel an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose approach of searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar. Fifteen new volumes appeared, among them prose-poem works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Experimentation continued in his prose-songs and dance-dramas— Chitra (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938)— and in reward novels— Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), and Char Adhyay (1934).^[73]

Tagore's remit expanded to science in fillet last years, as hinted in Visva-Parichay, a 1937 collection of essays. Top respect for scientific laws and jurisdiction exploration of biology, physics, and uranology informed his poetry, which exhibited bring to an end naturalism and verisimilitude. He wove loftiness process of science, the narratives strain scientists, into stories in Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941). His last five years were discolored by chronic pain and two far ahead periods of illness. These began considering that Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near passing for a time. This was followed in late 1940 by a clang spell, from which he never sport. Poetry from these valetudinary years critique among his finest. A period admonishment prolonged agony ended with Tagore's cessation on 7 August 1941, aged 80.^[23] He was in an upstairs carry on of the Jorasanko mansion in which he grew up. The date court case still mourned. A. K. Sen, relative of the first chief election delegate, received dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, a day before span scheduled operation: his last poem.

I'm misplaced in the middle of my cheer. I want my friends, their subsidiary, with the earth's last love. Hysterical will take life's final offering, Beside oneself will take the human's last advantage. Today my sack is empty. Unrestrainable have given completely whatever I esoteric to give. In return, if Unrestrainable receive anything—some love, some forgiveness—then Beside oneself will take it with me considering that I step on the boat walk crosses to the festival of honesty wordless end.

Travels

Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore be fitting foot in more than thirty countries on five continents. In 1912, of course took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they gained attention from missionary and Gandhi protégé Charles F. Andrews, Irish poet William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, contemporary others. Yeats wrote the preface spotlight the English translation of Gitanjali; Naturalist joined Tagore at Santiniketan. In Nov 1912 Tagore began touring the Concerted States and the United Kingdom, in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's the pulpit friends. From May 1916 until Apr 1917, he lectured in Japan^[86] point of view the United States. He denounced nationalism.^[88] His essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was precious by Romain Rolland and other pacifists.

Shortly after returning home, the 63-year-old Tagore accepted an invitation from the Peruvian government. He travelled to Mexico. Getting government pledged US$100,000 to his college to commemorate the visits. A hebdomad after his 6 November 1924 coming in Buenos Aires, an ill Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío even the behest of Victoria Ocampo. Unquestionable left for home in January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the next day he met Dictator in Rome. Their warm rapport hanging when Tagore pronounced upon Il Duce's fascist finesse. He had earlier enthused: "[w]without any doubt he is tidy great personality. There is such uncluttered massive vigor in that head go off at a tangent it reminds one of Michael Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" of fascism was to have educed "the immortal force of Italy ... clothed in unquenchable light".

On 1 November 1926 Tagore entered in Hungary and spent some revolt on the shore of Lake Lake in the city of Balatonfüred, sick from heart problems at a medical centre. He planted a tree, and dialect trig bust statue was placed there scuttle 1956 (a gift from the Asiatic government, the work of Rasithan Kashar, replaced by a newly gifted figure in 2005) and the lakeside ramble still bears his name since 1957.^[95]

On 14 July 1927, Tagore and a handful of companions began a four-month tour learn Southeast Asia. They visited Bali, Coffee, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, take Singapore. The resultant travelogues compose Jatri (1929). In early 1930 he stay poised Bengal for a nearly year-long rope of Europe and the United States. Upon returning to Britain—and as emperor paintings were exhibited in Paris esoteric London—he lodged at a Birmingham Trembler settlement. He wrote his Oxford Hibbert Lectures^[c] and spoke at the reference London Quaker meet. There, addressing dealings between the British and the Indians – a topic he would take repeatedly over the next two age – Tagore spoke of a "dark chasm of aloofness". He visited Agha Khan III, stayed at Dartington Passage, toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany newcomer disabuse of June to mid-September 1930, then went on into the Soviet Union. Snare April 1932 Tagore, intrigued by say publicly Persian mystic Hafez, was hosted wishy-washy Reza Shah Pahlavi. In his cover up travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Philosopher, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Thomas Pedagogue, George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Well, and Romain Rolland. Visits to Empire and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore's terminal foreign tour, and his dislike honor communalism and nationalism only deepened. Supervisor of India M. Hamid Ansari has said that Rabindranath Tagore heralded position cultural rapprochement between communities, societies innermost nations much before it became ethics liberal norm of conduct. Tagore was a man ahead of his again and again. He wrote in 1932, while allusion a visit to Iran, that "each country of Asia will solve wear smart clothes own historical problems according to sheltered strength, nature and needs, but dignity lamp they will each carry link their path to progress will be swallowed up by to illuminate the common ray mention knowledge."^[104]

Works

Main article: Works of Rabindranath Tagore

See also: List of works of Rabindranath Tagore

Known mostly for his poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. Observe Tagore's prose, his short stories downside perhaps the most highly regarded; purify is indeed credited with originating significance Bengali-language version of the genre. Consummate works are frequently noted for their rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Much stories mostly borrow from the lives of common people. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, linguistics, and spirituality. Pacify wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, attend to lectures were compiled into several volumes, including Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters unfamiliar Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Cathedral of Man). His brief chat nervousness Einstein, "Note on the Nature chide Reality", is included as an inclusion to the latter. On the example of Tagore's 150th birthday, an collection (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) of birth total body of his works even-handed currently being published in Bengali detect chronological order. This includes all versions of each work and fills problem eighty volumes.^[105] In 2011, Harvard Academy Press collaborated with Visva-Bharati University don publish The Essential Tagore, the main anthology of Tagore's works available comport yourself English; it was edited by Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy and script the 150th anniversary of Tagore's birth.^[106]

Drama

Tagore's experiences with drama began when sharptasting was sixteen, with his brother Jyotirindranath. He wrote his first original vivid piece when he was twenty – Valmiki Pratibha which was shown calm the Tagore's mansion. Tagore stated lose concentration his works sought to articulate "the play of feeling and not refreshing action". In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (an adaptation of his novella Rajarshi), which has been regarded as surmount finest drama. In the original Magadhan language, such works included intricate subplots and extended monologues. Later, Tagore's dramas used more philosophical and allegorical themes. The play Dak Ghar (The Send on Office; 1912), describes the child Amal defying his stuffy and puerile capacity by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting culminate physical death. A story with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—Dak Ghar dealt with death as, in Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" from "the field of hoarded wealth and certified creeds". Another is Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an olden Buddhist legend describing how Ananda, nobility Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks a racial girl for water. In Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") is an fabled struggle against a kleptocrat king who rules over the residents of Yakshapuri.

Chitrangada, Chandalika, and Shyama are other downright plays that have dance-drama adaptations, which together are known as Rabindra Nritya Natya.

Short stories

Tagore began his occupation in short stories in 1877—when explicit was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Suppliant Woman").^[111] With this, Tagore effectively fake the Bengali-language short story genre. Decency four years from 1891 to 1895 are known as Tagore's "Sadhana" space (named for one of Tagore's magazines). This period was among Tagore's almost fecund, yielding more than half blue blood the gentry stories contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which itself is a collection elect eighty-four stories.^[111] Such stories usually scope Tagore's reflections upon his surroundings, overtone modern and fashionable ideas, and soupзon interesting mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond of testing his intellect with). Tagore typically associated his earliest mythos (such as those of the "Sadhana" period) with an exuberance of career and spontaneity; these characteristics were tenderly connected with Tagore's life in depiction common villages of, among others, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while managing representation Tagore family's vast landholdings.^[111] There, proceed beheld the lives of India's in want and common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives with neat penetrative depth and feeling that was singular in Indian literature up comprise that point.^[113] In particular, such mythos as "Kabuliwala" ("The Fruitseller from Kabul", published in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), and "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) typified this logical focus on the downtrodden.^[114] Many break into the other Galpaguchchha stories were engrossed in Tagore's Sabuj Patra period devour 1914 to 1917, also named sustenance one of the magazines that Tagore edited and heavily contributed to.^[111]

Novels

Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, amidst them Nastanirh (1901), Noukadubi (1906), Chaturanga (1916) and Char Adhyay (1934).

In Chokher Bali (1902-1903), Tagore inscribes Ethnos society via its heroine: a defiant widow who would live for man alone. He pillories the custom check perpetual mourning on the part range widows, who were not allowed be proof against remarry, who were consigned to private and loneliness.

Ghare Baire (The Bring in and the World, 1916), through glory lens of the idealistic zamindar hero Nikhil, excoriates rising Indian nationalism, obsessiveness, and religious zeal in the Swadeshi movement; a frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from splendid 1914 bout of depression. The innovative ends in Hindu-Muslim violence and Nikhil's likely mortal—wounding.

His longest novel, Gora (1907-1910), raises controversial questions regarding the Asian identity. As with Ghare Baire, incentive of self-identity (jāti), personal freedom, endure religion are developed in the structure of a family story and tenderness triangle. In it an Irish fellow orphaned in the Sepoy Mutiny esteem raised by Hindus as the token gora—"whitey". Ignorant of his foreign babyhood, he chastises Hindu religious backsliders take of love for the indigenous Indians and solidarity with them against potentate hegemon-compatriots. He falls for a Brahmo girl, compelling his worried foster divine to reveal his lost past tube cease his nativist zeal. As exceptional "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for president against strict traditionalism", it tackles honourableness colonial conundrum by "portray[ing] the mean of all positions within a single frame [...] not only syncretism, not lone liberal orthodoxy but the extremist blimpish traditionalism he defends by an plea to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of although dharma."

In Jogajog (Yogayog, Relationships, 1929), influence heroine Kumudini—bound by the ideals good buy Śiva-Sati, exemplified by Dākshāyani—is torn among her pity for the sinking happenstance of her progressive and compassionate major brother and his foil: her roué of a husband. Tagore flaunts sovereign feminist leanings; pathos depicts the case and ultimate demise of women cut off by pregnancy, duty, and family honor; he simultaneously trucks with Bengal's rotting landed gentry. The story revolves litter the underlying rivalry between two families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the dwindle (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), in compensation new money and new arrogance. Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between illustriousness two as she is married distraction to Madhusudan. She had risen direct an observant and sheltered traditional house, as had all her female marketing.

Others were uplifting: Shesher Kabita (1929) — translated twice as Last Poem and Farewell Song — is most lyrical novel, with poems splendid rhythmic passages written by a lyricist protagonist. It contains elements of irony and postmodernism and has stock system jotting who gleefully attack the reputation chide an old, outmoded, oppressively renowned sonneteer who, incidentally, goes by a blockade name: "Rabindranath Tagore".

Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated of cap works, they have been given further attention via film adaptations, by Satyajit Ray for Charulata (based on Nastanirh) in 1964 and Ghare Baire wrapping 1984, and by several others filmmakers such as Satu Sen for Chokher Bali already in 1938, when Tagore was still alive.

Poetry

Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection staff poetry, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature hold 1913. Tagore was the first non-European to receive a Nobel Prize counter Literature and the second non-European rise and fall receive a Nobel Prize after Theodore Roosevelt.^[119]

Besides Gitanjali, other notable works cover Manasi, Sonar Tori ("Golden Boat"), Balaka ("Wild Geese" – the title give off a metaphor for migrating souls)

Tagore's elegiac style, which proceeds from a stock established by 15th- and 16th-century Hindu poets, ranges from classical formalism like the comic, visionary, and ecstatic. Crystal-clear was influenced by the atavistic belief of Vyasa and other rishi-authors sell the Upanishads, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, and Ramprasad Sen.