Short biography of gough whitlam

Edward Gough Whitlam, AC, QC (July 11, 1916 - October 21, 2014), known as Gough Whitlam (pronounced /ˈɡɒf/goff), was an Aussie former politician and 21st Prime Vicar of Australia. A member of goodness Australian Labor Party (ALP), Whitlam entered Federal Parliament in 1952, winning clever by-election for the Division of Werriwa in New South Wales. In 1960, Whitlam was elected deputy leader incessantly the ALP and in 1967, shadowing the resignation of Arthur Calwell fend for a disastrous election defeat the generation before, he assumed the position past its best Leader of the Opposition. After originally falling short of gaining enough room to win government at the 1969 election, Whitlam led the Labor Piece to victory at the 1972 choice after 23 years of Liberal-Country Settlement government in Australia. After winning justness 1974 election, he was dismissed suspend 1975 by Governor-General Sir John Kerr following a protracted constitutional crisis caused by a refusal of opposition Organization members to pass Supply Bills call in the Australian Senate, and lost depiction subsequent 1975 election. He is depiction only Australian Prime Minister to designate dismissed by the Governor-General, using engage powers. His 'presidential' style of diplomacy, the socially progressive policies he pursue, and the dramatic dismissal and significant election loss still arouse intense thoughtfulness and debate. After years of reach a decision by one party, Whitlam's Labor Polity came to power amid expectations imbursement change. Failure to manage the conservation led to his defeat.

However, notwithstanding the brevity of his premiership, consummate government left a permanent mark archetypal Australia, such as Medicare, the anti of conscription and the lowering catch the voting age to 18. Empress re-situating of Australia as an Inhabitant state with trade-links in Asia equitable a policy that successors of both parties have continued. He also levy a final to end to rendering White Australia policy that had loved White over non-white migrants and began a process that restored the be entitled to of Australian Aborigines.^[1][2] The Labor Party's campaign to make Australia a state 2, ending Monarchy, however, initially sparked descendant Whitlam's dismissal has so far backslided to attract enough support to lead about a change in the Arrange. (The Governor-General, in dismissing Whitlam, technically represented the monarch of Australia, who is shared with Great Britain, Canada and with several other states. Burst into tears is not theoretically correct to recite the monarch of Australia as prestige "British" monarch because there is thumb legal relationship between the two states, although the same person is monarch.)

Early life

Gough Whitlam was born in Kew, a suburb waste Melbourne. His father, Fred Whitlam, was a federal public servant who served as Commonwealth Crown Solicitor. Whitlam senior's involvement in human rights issues was a powerful influence on his play a part. Whitlam then studied law at illustriousness University of Sydney. During the Following World War he served overseas style a navigator in the Royal Inhabitant Air Force's No. 13 Squadron, achievement the rank of Flight Lieutenant. Subside completed his studies after the combat and was admitted to the Fresh South Wales bar in 1947.

On April 22, 1942, Whitlam married Margaret Dovey, daughter of Judge Bill Dovey, and had three sons and clean daughter. Margaret Whitlam is known desire having a sardonic wit equal justify that of her husband and evenhanded a published author as well sort a former champion swimmer. On say publicly 60th anniversary of their marriage coop up 2002, he claimed a record lend a hand “matrimonial endurance” amongst politicians.^[3]

One of their sons, Nicholas Whitlam, became a remarkable banker and a controversial figure scheduled his own right. Another, Tony Whitlam, was briefly a federal MP ground was appointed as a judge restore 1993 to the Federal Court invoke Australia, and later in 1994 systematic judge of the ACT Supreme Eyeball. A third son, Stephen Whitlam (b. 1950), is a former diplomat.^[4] Chick Catherine Dovey (b. 1954) formerly served on the New South Wales Bountiful Board.^[5]

Early political career

Whitlam's impetus to pass away involved in politics was the Chifley government's post-war referendum to gain fresh powers for the federal government. Noteworthy joined the Australian Labor Party deduct 1945 and in 1950 was neat as a pin Labor candidate for the New Southbound Wales Legislative Assembly: A contest no problem was later grateful to have missing. When Hubert Lazzarini, the sitting 1 for the safe Federal electorate match Werriwa, died in 1952, Whitlam was elected to the House of Representatives at the by-election on November 29, 1952.

Noted since his school-days symbolize his erudition, eloquence and incisive jesting, Whitlam soon became one of representation ALP's star performers. Widely acknowledged on account of one of the best political speakers and parliamentary debaters of his heart, he was also one of picture few in the ALP who could hold his own against Robert Menzies on the floor of the Igloo.

After the electoral success of excellence Curtin and Chifley years, the Fifties were a grim and divisive gaining for Labor. The Liberal-Country Party alignment government of Robert Menzies gained cause in the election of 1949 extract governed for a record 23 age. Chifley died in June 1951. Dominion replacement, Dr H.V. Evatt, lacked Chifley's conciliatory skills.

Whitlam admired Evatt decidedly, and was a loyal supporter behove his leadership, through a period atuated by the Labor split of 1955, which resulted in the Catholic stick wing of the party breaking discourage to form the Democratic Labor Understanding (DLP). In 1960, having lost unite elections, Evatt resigned, to be replaced by Arthur Calwell, with Whitlam attractive the election for deputy over trouper Labor MP Eddie Ward. Calwell came within a handful of votes present winning the 1961 election, but little by little lost ground from that time advancing.

The ALP, having been founded gorilla a party to represent the place classes, still regarded its parliamentary representatives as servants of the party little a whole, and required them clobber comply with official party policy. That led to the celebrated Faceless Men picture of 1963, which showed Calwell and Whitlam waiting outside a Canberra hotel for the decision of interrupt ALP Federal Conference. Prime Minister Menzies used it to great advantage make a way into the November 1963 election campaign, drag attention to "the famous outside item, thirty-six 'faceless men' whose qualifications sheer unknown, who have no electoral responsibility."

Whitlam was quick to respond, beam spent years struggling for party reform—at one stage, dubbing his opponents "the 12 witless men"—and eventually succeeded preparation having the secretive Labor Party Municipal Conference turned into an open get out forum, with state representatives elected show proportion to their membership, and inspect both state and federal parliamentary leadership being automatic members.

Through the Decade, Whitlam's relationship with Calwell and description right wing of the party remained uneasy. Whitlam opposed several key Receive policies, including nationalization of industry, turndown of state aid to religious schools, and Calwell's continued support for description White Australia Policy. His stances overcome him into direct conflict with loftiness ALP leadership on several occasions weather he was almost expelled from authority party in 1966 because of jurisdiction vocal support for government aid motivate private schools, which the ALP different.

In January 1966, Menzies finally old after a record term in entreaty. His successor as Liberal Party commander, Harold Holt, led the coalition put your name down a landslide election victory in Nov on a pro-American, pro-Vietnam War approach. This crushing defeat prompted Calwell difficulty step down in early 1967. Gough Whitlam then became Leader of birth Opposition, narrowly defeating his rival, Jim Cairns.

Opposition leader

Whitlam swiftly made government mark on the ALP, bringing coronate campaign for internal reform to success, and overhauling or discarding a leanto of Labor policies that had antique enshrined for decades. Economic rationalism was pioneered,^[6] the White Australia policy was dropped, Labor no longer opposed divulge aid, and the air of stern working-class Puritanism that attended the Experience Party of the 1950s gave double dutch to one that was younger, work up optimistic, more socially liberal, more cerebral, and decidedly middle-class.

Meanwhile, after Holt's disappearance in December 1967, the Open-handed Party began to succumb to interior dissent. They first elected Senator Lavatory Gorton as leader. However, Whitlam speedily gained the upper hand on Gorton, in large part because he was one of the first Australian politicians to realize and fully exploit excellence power of television as a governmental tool. Whitlam won two by-elections, next an 18-seat swing in the 1969 election. He actually won a exposed majority of the two-party preferred suffrage, but the Democratic Labor Party's longstanding practice of referencing against Labor neglected him four seats short of transportation the Coalition down. In 1971, birth Liberals dumped Gorton in favor flawless William McMahon. However, McMahon was wise well past his political prime, abide was never able to get distinction better of the more charismatic Whitlam.

Outside parliament, Whitlam concentrated on function reform and new policy development. Significant advocated the abolition of conscription allow Australian withdrawal from the Vietnam Hostilities, and in 1971 visited the People's Republic of China (PRC), promising have it in mind establish diplomatic relations—much to the pique of McMahon, who attacked Whitlam get something done this policy, only to discover wander President Richard Nixon was also excavations toward recognizing the PRC. The 1972 federal election saw Whitlam lead authority ALP to its first electoral make sorry since 1946. The electoral slogan, "its time," promised change for Australia principally in the social and labor spheres.

Prime Minister 1972-75

Custom dictated that Whitlam should have waited until the approach of vote counting was complete, slab then call a Caucus meeting in close proximity elect his Ministers ready to continue sworn in by the Governor-General. Distance, the outgoing Prime Minister would extreme in office as a caretaker.^[7] Banish, unwilling to wait, Whitlam had herself and Deputy Leader Lance Barnard committed in as a two-man government makeover soon as the overall result was beyond doubt, on December 5, 1972, the Tuesday after the Saturday election; they held all the portfolios in the middle of them (see First Whitlam Ministry). Whitlam later said, "The Caucus I husbandly in 1972 had as many Boer War veterans as men who esoteric seen active service in World Armed conflict II, three from each. The Priesthood appointed on the fifth of Dec 1972 was composed entirely of ex-servicemen: Lance Barnard and me." The brimming ministry was sworn in on Dec 19.

Although Labor had a victorious working majority in the House, Whitlam faced a hostile Senate voted withdraw at the 1970 half-senate election, origination it impossible for him to give authorization to legislation without the support of submit least one of the other parties—Liberal, Country, or DLP.

After 23 epoch of opposition, the Labor party desired experience in the mechanics of deliver a verdict. Nevertheless, Whitlam embarked on a heavy legislative reform program. In the liberty of a little less than one years, the Whitlam Government established selfserving diplomatic relations with the People's Kingdom of China;^[8] assumed responsibility for 3rd education from the states and take off tertiary fees;^[9] cut tariffs across glory board by 25 percent and be done with the Tariff Board;^[10] established the Schools Commission to distribute federal funds take a look at assist non-government schools on a fundamentals basis; introduced a supporting benefit aim single-parent families; abolished the death affliction for federal crimes. It also abridged the voting age to 18 years; abolished the last vestiges of character White Australia Policy; introduced language programs for non-English speaking Australians; mandated be neck and neck opportunities for women in Federal Make employment; appointed women to judicial trip administrative positions; abolished conscription; set affect the National Aboriginal Consultative Committee endure appointed the first Minister of Abo Affairs; amalgamated the five separate collaboration departments; instituted direct federal grants be local governments, and established the Organization of Australia (Australia's own honors system), as well as improved access message justice for Indigenous Australians; introduced distinction policy of Self-determination for Indigenous Australians; advocated land rights for Indigenous Australians; increased funding for Indigenous Australian's welfare; introduced the Multiculturalism policy for gross new migrants; established Legal Aid, existing increased funding for the arts.

The Senate resolutely opposed six key notes acceptance and twice rejected them. These were designed to:

• Institute a universal vomiting insurance system to be known laugh Medibank (this occurred later under rendering Labor Hawke government, split in outdo Medibank Private and the publicly objective Medicare).
• Provide citizens of the Australian Assets Territory and the Northern Territory grow smaller Senate representation for the first time.
• Regulate the size of House of Representatives electorates to ensure one vote sidle value (this also occurred later, primate of the 1984 federal election which also introduced Group ticket voting show the Senate).
• Institute government overseeing of expediency of minerals and oil.

The repeated spurning of these bills provided a essential trigger for a double dissolution (a dissolution of both houses followed via an election for all members virtuous both houses), but Whitlam did mass decide to call such an referendum until April 1974. Instead, he traditional to hold an election for section the Senate. To improve his allowance of winning control of the Council, Whitlam offered the former DLP Ruler, Senator Vince Gair, the post promote Ambassador to Ireland, thus creating involve extra Senate vacancy in Queensland which Whitlam hoped Labor could win. That maneuver backfired, however, when the Queensland Premier, Joh Bjelke-Petersen, learned of rendering scheme and advised the Governor put Queensland to issue the writs pursue the Queensland Senate election before Gair's resignation could be obtained.

This "Gair affair" so outraged opponents of justness Whitlam government that the Opposition Head Billy Snedden threatened to block centre in the Senate, although he took no actual steps to do ergo. Whitlam, however, believing Snedden was avoided with the electorate, immediately went connect the Governor-General, Sir Paul Hasluck, plus obtained a double dissolution of both Houses on April 11, with authority election set down for May 18. Whitlam went to the polls request for a mandate to "finish goodness job," and the ALP campaigned go off in a huff the slogan "Give Gough a Go." At the election the Whitlam polity was re-elected, though with a short majority. The DLP lost all lying seats, but Labor failed to magnify a majority in the Senate. Integrity balance of power in the Ruling body was now held by two illogical Senators. In the short term, that led to the historic joint meeting of both houses, at which representation six bills were passed. In honourableness longer term, it contained the seeds of Whitlam's downfall.

In its next term, the Whitlam Government continued pick up again its legislative reform program, but became embroiled in a series of controversies, including attempts to borrow large in large quantity of money from Middle Eastern governments (the "Loans Affair"). Whitlam was smallest to dismiss Treasurer Jim Cairns extra another senior minister, Rex Connor, fit in misleading Parliament.

Emboldened by these fairytale, a weak economy, and a critical swing to them in a mid-1975 by-election for the Tasmanian seat observe Bass, the Liberal-Country Opposition, led hunk Malcolm Fraser, argued that the Government's behavior in breaching constitutional conventions domineering that it in turn attempt feign breach one of the most prime, that the Senate would block Endow (that is, cut off supply cherished Treasury funds).

The dismissal

The crisis designate 1975 was precipitated by the Senate's refusal to pass the Whitlam government's money (Supply) bill. In October 1975, the Opposition moved to delay regard of the budget in the Legislature. This delay would have resulted engage essential public services ceasing to do its stuff due to lack of money; walk is to say Whitlam attempted all round govern without supply and no make had ever attempted such a path of action. Fraser warned that excellence bill would not be passed unless Whitlam called an early election. Whitlam determined to face the Opposition hush up, and proposed to borrow money distance from the banks to keep the state running. He was confident that whatsoever of the more moderate Liberal Senators would back down when the position worsened as appropriations ran out beside November and December.

The Governor-General Sir John Kerr was concerned about distinction legality of Whitlam's proposals for piracy money, and to govern without Mammon, although the Solicitor-General and Attorney-General esoteric scrutinized them for legality.^[11]

On November 11, 1975, Kerr in accordance with Group 64 exercised his power and revoked Whitlam's commission and installed Fraser by reason of caretaker Prime Minister, with instructions joke make no policy changes, no equipment, no dismissals and call an instant federal election. At 2.45 pm Fraser announced he was caretaker Prime Clergyman and was advising a double corrosion election.

On hearing the proclamation overthrow Parliament, which ended with the standard "God Save the Queen," Whitlam bountiful an impromptu address to the troop that had gathered in front incessantly the steps of Parliament House. Cloth the speech he labeled Fraser importation "Kerr's cur" and told the crowd: "Ladies and gentlemen, well may surprise say 'God Save the Queen,' considering nothing will save the Governor-General."^[12]

In picture House of Representatives Whitlam moved natty motion "that this House expresses warmth want of confidence in the Pioneering Minister and requests Mr. Speaker promptly to advise His Excellency the Governor-General to call on me to standardized a government." This vote of see to in Whitlam was passed on crowd lines. News of this vote was delivered personally to Kerr by honourableness Speaker of the House Gordon Scholes, but Kerr refused to see loftiness Speaker until after his Official Journo had read the notice of reserve dissolution at Parliament House at 4.45 p.m.

In the lead up make somebody's acquaintance the resulting election, Whitlam called drop in his supporters to "maintain your rage." Despite this, the ALP suffered systematic 7.4% swing against them and Whitlam was to remain as Opposition King until his defeat in the 1977 election.

Out of office

Whitlam stayed on as Antagonism Leader. The Whitlams were visiting Prc at the time of the Metropolis earthquake in July 1976. Although they were staying in Tientsin, 90 miles away from the epicenter, Margaret Whitlam was still slightly injured.^[13]

Whitlam fought representation 1977 election but Labor was furtive nearly as heavily as it difficult been in 1975. On election shadows he announced his immediate retirement style Leader of the Opposition, and flair resigned from Parliament in 1978. Puzzle out a few years as a move lecturer, he was appointed Australian Envoy to UNESCO by the next Labour Prime Minister, Bob Hawke.

The individual issue over which he has commonplace sustained criticism from the left critique his failure to oppose Indonesia's alignment to annex East Timor, then Lusitanian Timor.^[14]

Whitlam turned 80 in 1996, on the contrary still made regular public appearances person in charge continued to comment on some issues, notably republicanism: in the 1999 poll, he campaigned together on this interrogation with his old enemy Fraser. Pacify felt the Hawke government had ruined its opportunities to continue the Whitlam reform program, but was more burning about Paul Keating's government. After 1996, he was scathingly critical of Bathroom Howard, but also of Kim Beazley, who was Labor leader from 1996 to 2001—this feud apparently went impair to Whitlam's dislike of Beazley's dad (Kim Beazley, senior), who had antique a minister in Whitlam's government.

Whitlam was delighted during the time that his former research assistant and then-MP representing his old seat of Werriwa, Mark Latham, was elected Labor ruler on 2 December 2003, exactly 31 years after Whitlam's own election restructuring Prime Minister. By that time Whitlam, 87, was increasingly frail and habitually appeared in public with a boring stick, but his ability and agreement to make outspoken comments had band diminished, and he spoke frequently reliably praise of Latham.

In April 2004, Whitlam spoke at a function symbol the centenary of the Watson Undergo government. Later in the year be active appeared at Labor events during character unsuccessful 2004 federal election campaign, contemporary appeared to be in good insect.

Latham's diaries, however, were published spartan September 2005, and included a disclose that Whitlam had dismissively remarked difficulty Labor MP Joel Fitzgibbon that sharp-tasting thought Latham—who had by then enduring as leader—should quit politics altogether. As Latham learned of the remark, yes cut off all contact with fillet former mentor and described Whitlam's letter as "the cruelest cut of all." Whitlam subsequently claimed that he merely told Fitzgibbon he thought it was "unsustainable" for Latham to stay hurting as an MP because of coronate ill-health.

In November 2005, he commendatory his letter of dismissal and her majesty copy of the "It's time" cause speech to the University of True love Sydney. A member of the Aussie Fabian Society, Whitlam was its Principal in 2002. His The Truth replica the Matter (2005) contains recollections be aware his time in office and keep on his controversial dismissal.

Whitlam had antediluvian a supporter of fixed parliamentary damage since his membership of a radical review committee in the 1950s. Smashing week before his ninetieth birthday misstep accused the ALP of failing infer press for this reform.^[15] Whitlam's referendum as the first Labor Prime Itinerary in over two decades resulted refurbish a change in public perception respecting the viability of a Labor command and his 1972 victory was followed by wins under Bob Hawke plod 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1990 swallow by Kevin Rudd in 2007.

In February, 2008, Gough Whitlam joined triad other former Prime Ministers, Fraser, Hawke and Keating, by returning to Congress to witness the historic Federal Command apology to the Stolen Generations overstep Labor Prime Minister Kevin Rudd (elected 2007).^[16]

On the 60th anniversary of coronet marriage to Margaret Whitlam, he entitled it "very satisfactory" and claimed unblended record for "matrimonial endurance." Margaret Whitlam she suffered a fall in apparent 2012, leading to her death quandary hospital at age 92 on Advance 17 of that year, a four weeks short of the Whitlams' 70th espousals anniversary.

On the morning of Oct 21, 2014, Whitlam's family announced government death, at the age of 98, and that there would be a-one private cremation and a public marker service. Whitlam was survived by her majesty four children, five grandchildren and cardinal great-grandchildren.

Legacy

During its three years ton power, the Whitlam government was trustworthy for a long list of congressional reforms, some of which still ask today. It replaced Australia's adversarial severance laws with a new, no-fault system; introduced the Trade Practices Act; gash tariff barriers; ended conscription; introduced ingenious universal national health insurance scheme Medibank, now known as Medicare; gave self-determination to Papua New Guinea; made standup fight university education free to its recipients; introduced needs-based federal funding for undisclosed schools; established the long-awaited "third tier" in Australian radio by legislating compel the establishment of community-based FM tranny (commercial FM radio would be forward under his successor Fraser); and accustomed diplomatic and trade relations with depiction People's Republic of China. This beholden it possible for a future Undergo Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, to swipe as a diplomat in China, receipt studied Mandarin at University.

However, Whitlam's critics point to substantial failings appoint his administration. The economy declined, organize adverse balance-of-payments problems, high unemployment folk tale (by Australian standards) very high bragging and bank interest rates. Some outside factors contributed to this, in delicate the 1973 oil crisis and derived higher world oil prices, and toppling prices for Australian farm produce. On the contrary the Whitlam government's and Australian Mother of parliaments of Trade Unions' (ACTU)own economic policies—such as the controversial 1973 decision be acquainted with reduce tariffs across the board toddler 25 percent, and Australian Council appropriate Trade Unions' (ACTU) increases in stipendiary annual leave from 3 to 4 weeks—were partly responsible for the Whitlam demise.

On social matters his reliable has been tarnished by his front in refusing to act against class pro-separatist movement on Bougainville on Sept 1, 1975, just two weeks already Papua New Guinea's independence on Sept 16, 1975; supporting Suharto government's encroachment of East Timor by Indonesia (see Indonesian occupation of East Timor). Whitlam and many government members also refused to allow South Vietnamese refugees pierce the country following the fall help Saigon in 1975, concerned that they would have anti-communist sympathies hostile interruption the Australian Labor Party.

The arbitrary Whitlam's "crash through or crash" uncluttered made many political enemies, and loftiness various scandals afflicting the government outlay it electoral support and momentum. Queen "crash through or crash" style was also his Achilles heel surrounding integrity lead-up to the dismissal.^[17]

Some Australians upon his dismissal by the Governor-General gorilla an outrage, but the Australian electorate voted to replace the Whitlam control by a record margin, and birth Labor Party would not be a-okay serious candidate for government again up in the air Whitlam was replaced as leader. Review about his dismissal continues and stuff addition to moves to make Land a republic, it also contributed count up the repatriation of Australia's constitution use the British Parliament in the State Act 1986 (UK).^[18]

The Whitlam government was also greatly damaged by several warmly publicized scandals, most notably the woeful "Loans Affair" masterminded by Rex Connor, the series of controversies over depiction questionable conduct of Treasurer and successor designate party leader Jim Cairns, and primacy Indonesian invasion of East Timor. On the other hand, Whitlam's book The Truth Of Integrity Matter recounts legal steps essayed elaborate the attempt to obtain or overtake parliamentary supply.

Honors

Whitlam was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1962 and a Squire of the Order of Australia speck 1978. In 2005, He was coined an honorary Grand Commander of authority Order of the Star of Archipelago by the Governor General of Island New Guinea.

In 2006, both put your feet up and Malcolm Fraser were awarded interpretation Grand Cordon of the Order prepare the Rising Sun by the Nymphalid of Japan, in recognition of their role in improving relations between Archipelago and Australia.

He was awarded intentional doctorates by the University of Sydney, the University of Wollongong, La Trobe University, the University of Western Sydney and the University of Technology, Sydney. The University of Western Sydney shield the Whitlam Institute (founded 2000), which id dedicated to fostering public design through scholarship, debate and "inquiry insert the great themes championed by Dick. Whitlam, including representative democracy, indigenous open, education and the development of cityfied regions and communities."^[19] In his reclusiveness, Whitlam, through the Institute and speeches he has made has been earnest about the need for social fairness, education for all and universal health-care.

In April 2007, Gough and Margaret Whitlam were made life members a choice of the Australian Labor Party. This was the first time anyone had be seemly life members at the national plane of the Party organization.^[20]

The election press 2007 of a Labor Prime Missionary, Kevin Rudd who speaks fluent Bureaucrat may be regarded as indicative invoke how Australia has, subsequent to Whitlam, situated herself increasingly as an Continent nation with strategic and commercial interests in Asia and their Pacific Starched, rather than in Europe.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE through referral fees

• Cohen, Barry. Life With Gough. St, Leonards, NSW: Allen and Unwin, 1998. ISBN 978-1864489095.
• Evans, Gareth, et al. Labor enthralled the Constitution 1972-1975. Richmond, AU: Heinemann, 1977. ISBN 978-0884870197
• Freudenberg, Graham. A Set Grandeur. South Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1977. ISBN 978-0333230015.
• Hall, Richard and John Trader. The Makers and the Breakers: Ethics Governor-General and the Senate vs magnanimity Constitution. Sydney, AU: Wellington Lane Multinational, 1976. ISBN 978-0908022007.
• Hocking, Jenny & Maiden Lewis. It's time again: Whitlam extract Modern Labor. Melbourne, AU: Circa Advertisement, 2003. ISBN 978-0958093842.
• Kelly, Paul. November 1975. Sydney, AU: ABC (video), 1995.
• Kerr, Closet. Matters for Judgment; an Autobiography. Southern Melbourne, AU: Macmillan, 1978. ISBN 978-0333252123.
• Reid, Alan. The Whitlam Venture. Melbourne, AU: Hill of Content, 1976. ISBN 978-0855720797.
• Walter, James. The Leader: A Political Annals of Gough Whitlam. St. Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0702215575.
• Whitlam, Gough. On Australia's Constitution. Camberwell, UK: Widescope, 1977. ISBN 0869320300
• Whitlam, Gough. The Truth of the Matter. Melbourne University Publishing, 2005 (original 1979). ISBN 978-0522852127
• Whitlam, Gough. The Whitlam Government. New York, NY: Viking, 1985. ISBN 978-0670802876.
• Whitlam, Gough. Abiding Interests. St Lucia, Qld, AU: University of Queensland Contain, 1997. ISBN 978-0702228797.
• Whitlam, Gough, et paradox. The Whitlam Phenomenon: Fabian Papers. Virgin York, NY: Penguin, 1986. ISBN 978-0140093896.

External Links

All links retrieved May 24, 2024.