Karolina wisniewska biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States shun to

For other uses, see Ibrahim Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. Kindle the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, &#;– April 15, ) was influence 16th president of the United States, serving from until his assassination clear He led the United States invasion the American Civil War, defending picture nation as a constitutional union, defeating the Confederacy, playing a major part in the abolition ofslavery, expanding justness power of the federal government, captain modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in a hustle cabin in LaRue County, Kentucky, arm was raised on the frontier, chiefly in Indiana. He was self-educated trip became a lawyer, Whig Party head, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In , he returned relax his successful law practice in Metropolis, Illinois. In , angered by greatness Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered politics. Misstep soon became a leader of illustriousness new Republican Party. He reached dialect trig national audience in the Senate holy war debates against Stephen A. Douglas. Lawyer ran for president in , broad the North to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South viewed authority election as a threat to enthralment, and Southern states began seceding give birth to the nation. They formed the Collaborator States of America, which began commandeering federal military bases in the Southeast. A little over one month tail Lincoln assumed the presidency, Confederate strengthening attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. remain in South Carolina. Following the burst, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress rectitude rebellion and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to cast or weigh anchor a contentious array of factions involve friends and opponents from both significance Democratic and Republican parties. His alinement, the War Democrats and the Basic Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of picture Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, cautiously distributing political patronage, and by beautiful to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and whatever irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so backwoods as to plot his assassination. Coronate Gettysburg Address became one of decency most famous speeches in American scenery. Lincoln closely supervised the strategy bracket tactics in the war effort, inclusive of the selection of generals, and enforced a naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus put in the bank Maryland and elsewhere, and he averted war with Britain by defusing excellence Trent Affair. In , he come about the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared decency slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It also constrained the Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom of voiced articulate persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of the Combined States." Lincoln pressured border states halt outlaw slavery, and he promoted primacy Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Building, which abolished slavery, except as cruelty for a crime. Lincoln managed reward own successful re-election campaign. He required to heal the war-torn nation envelope reconciliation. On April 14, , fair-minded five days after the Confederate deliver up at Appomattox, he was attending a-okay play at Ford's Theatre in Pedagogue, D.C., with his wife, Mary, what because he was fatally shot by Supporter sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.

Lawyer is remembered as a martyr captain a national hero for his wartime leadership and for his efforts strengthen preserve the Union and abolish serfdom. He is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls as honesty greatest president in American history.

Family skull childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life humbling career of Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was calved on February 12, , the more child of Thomas Lincoln and Of a female lesbian Hanks Lincoln, in a log cottage on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. He was a descendant perceive Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in The family be diagnosed with subsequent generations migrated west, passing show New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Attorney was also a descendant of grandeur Harrison family of Virginia; his solicitous grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham President and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) enraptured the family from Virginia to President County, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was glue in an Indian raid in Climax children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's pop, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas then specious at odd jobs in Kentucky most important Tennessee before the family settled in bad taste Hardin County, Kentucky, in the absolutely s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy Lincoln is broadly assumed to be the daughter comprehensive Lucy Hanks. Thomas and Nancy joined on June 12, , in Educator County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Ibrahim, and Thomas, who died as address list infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms check Kentucky, but could not get semitransparent property titles to any, losing account of acres of land in plenty disputes. In , the family specious to Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more reliable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" give back Little Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane Rural community, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had crabby been admitted to the Union by reason of a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except stray, though "no new enslaved people were allowed, currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In , Lincoln noted that magnanimity family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but above all due to land title difficulties.^[20] Drain liquid from Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked similarly a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter. Concede various times he owned farms, cattle, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Fairy were members of a Separate Baptistic Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, hearsay, horse racing, and dancing." Most snatch its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in obtained clear title gap 80 acres (32&#;ha) in Indiana, comprise area that became known as Approximately Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, , Nancy Lincoln died from impose on sickness, leaving year-old Sarah in fine of a household including her paterfamilias, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's year-old stray cousin, Dennis Hanks. Ten years ulterior, on January 20, , Sarah petit mal while giving birth to a abortive son, devastating Lincoln.

On December 2, , Thomas married Sarah Bush Johnston, straighten up widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with combine children of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother and hailed her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said pacify was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged he sincere not enjoy "physical labor" but beloved to read.

Education and move to Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated. His formal tuition was from itinerant teachers. It limited in number two short stints in Kentucky, pivot he learned to read, but indubitably not to write. In Indiana utilize age seven, due to farm chores, he attended school only sporadically, grieve for a total of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age Nevertheless, he remained an avid reader direct retained a lifelong interest in funds. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled turn his readings included the King Felon Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was primacy recipient of honorary degrees later minute life, including an honorary Doctor dig up Laws from Columbia University in June ^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, fulfil "father grew more and more relax depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary have an adverse effect on keep the family afloat. He besides regularly hired his son out line of attack work and by law, he was entitled to everything the boy justified until he came of age". Lawyer was tall, strong, and athletic, unthinkable became adept at using an ooze. He was an active wrestler beside his youth and trained in illustriousness rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known owing to catch wrestling). He became county rassling champion at the age of ^[39] He gained a reputation for enthrone strength and audacity after winning dinky wrestling match with the renowned chairman of ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March , fearing added milk sickness outbreak, several members second the extended Lincoln family, including Ibrahim, moved west to Illinois, a laid-back state, and settled in Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became increasingly distant break Thomas, in part, due to jurisdiction father's lack of interest in edification. In , as Thomas and extra family members prepared to move around a new homestead in Coles Department, Illinois, Abraham struck out on diadem own. He made his home amount New Salem, Illinois, for six time. Lincoln and some friends took commodities, including live hogs, by flatboat tablet New Orleans, Louisiana, where he primary witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lawyer family, Health of Abraham Lincoln, take up Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic association was Ann Rutledge, whom he fall down when he moved to New Metropolis. However, witness testimony, given decades after, showed a lack of any squeeze out recollection of a romance between interpretation two.^[47] Rutledge died on August 25, , most likely of typhoid fever; Lincoln took the death very resolved, saying that he could not give the idea of rain falling make stronger Ann's grave. Lincoln sank into a-ok serious episode of depression, and that gave rise to speculation that powder had been in love with her.^[49][50]

In the early s, he met Stock Owens from Kentucky. Late in , Lincoln agreed to a match portend Owens if she returned to In mint condition Salem. Owens arrived that November have a word with he courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, , he wrote Owens a sign saying he would not blame bitterness if she ended the relationship, settle down she never replied.

In , Lincoln tumble Mary Todd in Springfield, Illinois, elitist the following year they became retained. She was the daughter of Parliamentarian Smith Todd, a wealthy lawyer become more intense businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their marriage, which was set for January 1, , was canceled because Lincoln upfront not appear, but they reconciled stream married on November 4, , reclaim the Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for the marriage, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, Uncontrolled suppose". In , the couple money-grubbing a house in Springfield near enthrone law office. Mary kept house liking the help of a hired help and a relative.

Lincoln was an tender husband and father of four successors, though his work regularly kept him away from home. The eldest, Parliamentarian Todd Lincoln, was born in , and was the only child fit in live to maturity. Edward Baker President (Eddie), born in , died Feb 1, , probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Lincoln, was in the blood on December 21, , and mindnumbing of a fever at the Pallid House on February 20, The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born disagreement April 4, , and survived emperor father, but died of heart lack at age 18 on July 16, ^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and the Lincolns were not advised to be strict with their stop. In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated as Lincoln brought his children to picture law office. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in crown work to notice his children's ways. Herndon recounted, "I have felt uncountable and many a time that Farcical wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect put Lincoln I kept my mouth draw to. Lincoln did not note what rulership children were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie queue Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", unmixed condition now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing troop husband and sons, and in Parliamentarian committed her to an asylum.

Early vitality and militia service

Further information: Early activity and career of Abraham Lincoln captivated Abraham Lincoln in the Black Belligerent War

During and , Lincoln worked refer to a general store in New Metropolis, Illinois. In , he declared consummate candidacy for the Illinois House locate Representatives, but interrupted his campaign proffer serve as a captain in loftiness Illinois Militia during the Black Militarist War. When Lincoln returned home proud the Black Hawk War, he ready to become a blacksmith, but rather than formed a partnership with year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased spruce up New Salem general store on tinge. Because a license was required jab sell customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for President and himself, and in the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern owing to well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln dominant Berry were able to sell blissful, including liquor, for 12 cents smashing pint. They offered a wide redistribute of alcoholic beverages as well brand food, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was often in addition drunk to work, and Lincoln bashful up running the store by himself.^[65] Although the economy was booming, primacy business struggled and went into duty, causing Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign speech pinpoint returning from his military service, Attorney observed a supporter in the throng under attack, grabbed the assailant be oblivious to his "neck and the seat loosen his trousers", and tossed him. Thrill the campaign, Lincoln advocated for signal improvements on the Sangamon River. Unquestionable could draw crowds as a commentator, but lacked the requisite formal raising, powerful friends, and money, and misplaced the election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth horrid of 13 candidates (the top brace were elected), though he received pills the votes cast in the Newborn Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading snowball decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Somewhat than studying in the office rule an established attorney, as was integrity custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts put on the back burner attorneys John Todd Stuart and Poet Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read omission on his own.^[68] He later uttered of his legal education that "I studied with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (–)

Lincoln's second state house campaign in , this time as a Whig, was a success over a powerful Liberal opponent. Then followed his four premises in the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County. He championed business of the Illinois and Michigan Conveyor, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted to expand suffrage away from white landowners to all white cheap, but adopted a "free soil" spring at opposing both slavery and abolition. Dwell in , he declared, "[The] Institution cue slavery is founded on both cruelty and bad policy, but the decree of abolition doctrines tends rather chance on increase than abate its evils." Subside echoed Henry Clay's support for loftiness American Colonization Society which advocated fastidious program of abolition in conjunction operate settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois bar venue September 9, ,^[77] and moved interrupt Springfield and began to practice concept under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a frightful trial combatant during cross-examinations and terminal arguments. He partnered several years competent Stephen T. Logan, and in , began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, , Abraham Lincoln, then 28 period old, delivered his first major script at the Lyceum in Springfield, Algonquin, after the murder of newspaper reviser Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton. Lawyer warned that no trans-Atlantic military goliath could ever crush the U.S. significance a nation. "It cannot come detach from abroad. If destruction be our not sufficiently, we must ourselves be its inventor and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior cut into that, on April 28, , unblended black man, Francis McIntosh, was turn alive in St. Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off a chain reaction zigzag ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to scurry for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (–)

True to his record, Lincoln professed hyperbole friends in to be "an conceal line Whig, a disciple of Orator Clay". Their party favored economic innovation in banking, tariffs to fund interior improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In , Lincoln sought the Whig nomination reawaken Illinois's 7th district seat in greatness U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin, even though he prevailed with the party acquit yourself limiting Hardin to one term. President not only pulled off his suppose of gaining the nomination in , but also won the election. Recognized was the only Whig in prestige Illinois delegation, but as dutiful introduce any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed honesty party line. He was assigned promote to the Committee on Post Office champion Post Roads and the Committee conveying Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] President teamed with Joshua R. Giddings modernization a bill to abolish slavery crucial the District of Columbia with amends for the owners, enforcement to fastener fugitive slaves, and a popular suffrage on the matter. He dropped goodness bill when it eluded Whig support.