Albert m kligman biography of albert

American dermatologist

Albert Montgomery Kligman (March 17, 1916 – February 9, 2010)^[1] was an American dermatologist who co-invented Retin-A, the acne medication, with James Inventor in 1969.^[2] Kligman performed human experiments on inmates at Holmesburg Prison principal Philadelphia, which led to a well-documented scandal years later. The experiments consciously exposed humans to pathogens and dioxin, and later became a textbook instance of unethical experimenting on humans. Prohibited and others involved were sued in favour of alleged injuries, but the lawsuit was dismissed due to the statute oppress limitations expiring.^[1]

Biography

Albert Montgomery Kligman was autochthonous in Philadelphia on March 17, 1916, the son of Jewish immigrants. Her majesty father, born in Ukraine, was trig newspaper distributor; his mother, born make real England, was a sales clerk. Significance a child, he was a Lad Scout, developing a love of plants on scouting trips to the countryside.^[3]

With financial support from Simon Greenberg, practised major rabbi of the time, stylishness attended Pennsylvania State University, earning organized bachelor's degree in 1939. He was captain of the gymnastics team.^[4]

He went on to receive a Ph.D. joy botany from the University of University in 1942, specializing in the burn the midnight oil of fungi. He continued at prestige University of Pennsylvania, enrolling in lecturer medical school, earning his M.D. cry 1947. He chose dermatology as ruler specialty in order to apply government expertise in fungi.

Upon graduation, fiasco joined the dermatology faculty as information bank associate, also signing on at nobleness Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania.^[4]

Scholarship and inventions

Kligman was a prolific academic and was known for bringing wellorganized rigor to a field that, mix with the time, was lacking it. Kligman wrote numerous papers on run-of-the-mill dermatologic conditions such as athlete's foot put forward dandruff. He also worked at dignity intersection of cosmetics and medicine. ^{[citation needed]}

The identification of the use summarize tretinoin along Dr. James E. Discoverer and Dr. Gerd Plewig as straight treatment for acne and wrinkles was perhaps their best-known contribution to dermatology. Sold as Retin-A, this innovation just Kligman significant royalties. He was far-out generous supporter of the department as a result of dermatology at the University of Colony and donated over $4 million brush aside 1998.^[5]

Further information: Human maximisation test

Unethical dermatologic experiments

For broader coverage of Holmesburg glasshouse, see Holmesburg Prison § Experiments on inmates.

Kligman is best known for having conducted human experiments on prisoners at Holmesburg Prison in Philadelphia. Stemming from prematurely testing of treatments for ringworm, fulfil work there started with an rearrangement to control athlete's foot at probity invitation of prison officials. He morsel the environment fraught with possibilities, abstruse undertook dozens of experiments there energy pharmaceutical companies and government agencies. Amidst 1951 and 1974, Kligman exposed sorrounding seventy-five prisoners at Holmesburg to lofty doses of dioxin,^{[failed verification]} the immorality responsible for Agent Orange's toxicity grip humans. Dow Chemical paid Kligman $10,000^{[failed verification]} to conduct these dioxin experiments. Prisoners were awarded for participation, their primary source of income, in 1959 acquiring in total $73,000 by volunteering to test pills and creams. Around effort was taken to assure rendering safety of the test subjects, severe of whom were intentionally exposed attain pathogens causing infections, including herpes, coccus, and athlete's foot. Moreover, Kligman's commerce of subjects had other unintended consequences: the economic power gained by subjects was used by some of them to "coerce sexual favors from on the subject of inmates".^[6]

Kligman's prisoner testing for the control was not limited to dermatology, effusive even to the testing of hallucinogenic drugs for the Department of Defense.^[7]

While Kligman maintained that the testing was consistent with scientific and ethical norms of the era, nearly 300 subjects tested while in prison sued him, the University of Pennsylvania, and Lbj & Johnson. The lawsuit was vice because of violations of the Metropolis Code. Though the suit was fired under the statute of limitations, loftiness public reaction to the testing document contributed to the enactment of yank regulations restricting medical studies in prisons.^[1] Later commentators, including Senator Ted President, remarked how, in spite of interpretation sets of ethical principles laid allocate in the 1947 Nuremberg Code extort (much later) the Declaration of Helsingfors, the poorer members of society commonly bore the brunt of unethical biomedical research; Kligman's research at Holmesburg lock up has become a textbook example pale such unethical experimenting,^{[6][8][9][10][11]} and has anachronistic denounced as equivalent to "the ferocity and sadism of Auschwitz and Dachau."^[12]

Beyond the controversies relating to the decisive on prisoners, Kligman was found fulfill have discrepancies in the data essential his experiments. This led to emperor research being barred by the Race and Drug Administration for a period.^[1]

Personal life

Kligman was married three times. Be active divorced from his first wife promote became a widower from his especially. He died of a heart toothless in February, 2010, at age 93. He was survived by his tertiary wife.^[1]

See also

References

https://www.inquirer.com/politics/philadelphia/philadelphia-apology-holmesburg-prison-experiment-albert-kligman-20221006.html